Great Ideologies Stemming Out From Chaos Essay Example for Free

Great Ideologies Stemming Out From Chaos Essaydoubting Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Paine, three great political philosophers, all view the character of man and partnership as anarchical, which is a state of lawlessness or political dis separate due to the absence of governmental authority, making it war of all against all. The Utopian society of individuals enjoys complete freedom without government, wherein there is a display of a lack of morality for most of the prison term. In the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes presented the political state as a Leviathana sea monster. As a metaphor for the state, it is described as a replica of a soul whose body is made up of all the bodies of its citizens, who atomic number 18 the literal members of the Leviathans body, and placing the sovereign as the head. In order for them to escape this natural condition, the people in the state constructed the Leviathan through social sign on wherein they give up certain natural rig hts and transfer them to an early(a)(prenominal) person of authority.In turn, the power of the Leviathan protects them from the crys of one another. The source of inequality comes from the scarcity of resources. If one looks somewhat at other animalsHobbes specifically notes ants and beesthey appear to live harmoniously with one another without any sort of state or society. If they can do so, thence why cant men who are, after all, animals themselves? Hobbes discussed several reasons as to why men cannot live this way the main one being that men are rational creatures.If we lived in some pre-societal concord with others, reason would always devise ways for us to cheat and make ourselves better off than others in order for us to survive. Furthermore, as we valet de chambre possess speech, we are able to mislead one another close to our wants and desires. Hobbes also claims that animals naturally agree with one another while humans do not, and the reason for this essentially is because man is competitive in nature and therefore views everyone around him as a threat.Therefore, the government is manufactured to endure order and regulation. For Hobbes, the best form of government is monarchy for four reasons first, since humans will always choose the private over the public good, the best way to realise peace when choosing a sovereign is to have these united. And by the outweighing of private good over public ones, infighting and corruption within government is encouraged. Second, having a secret discuss is allowed in a monarchy as opposed to in a democracy or aristocracy.Third, a monarchy is more consistent since the monarch is one person and humans are not perfectly consistent, the realm changes only as human nature dictates. In a democracy and aristocracy, because more natural bodies compose the sovereign, the commonwealth is more subject to human inconsistency as well as the inconsistency that comes from a change in the makeup of the sovereign, which happens with each election pass or new member of the aristocracy. Lastly, infighting or warring factions caused by envy, self-interest, or any other human imperfections cannot be seen in a monarchy.On the other hand, Jean-Jacques Rousseau views the government as an abomination because it interferes with the nature of man. His aim is to examine the foundations of inequality among men, and to determine whether this inequality is authorized by natural law. He attempts to demonstrate that redbrick moral inequality, which is created by an agreement between men, is unnatural and unrelated to the true nature of man and that it is necessary to consider human nature and to chart how that nature has evolved over the centuries to produce modern man and modern society.Like Hobbes, he describes man as just another animal, and this proves to be very important. The distinction between human and animal was used both to justify mans possession and use of the Earths resources, and to explain why h umans apparently have certain unique capabilities, much(prenominal) as reason and language. He further expounds that man is like yet unlike other animals, due to the unique way he develops. And as time goes by, human faculties were being fully developed. To be and to appear became two different things. Man became subjugated by a multitude of new needs, especially by his need for other men. Man became a slave to men as one takes pleasure in domination and tries to be their master.However, this is only true for the rich. When the all-powerful claims a right to another persons goods, such as the right of property, the inequality can lead to a state of war. Therefore, the rich tried to persuade the weak, who were indeed easily convinced, to unite with them into a supreme power to institute rules of justice and peace. Men ran towards their chains in the belief that they were securing their freedom, while those who did know about the lie thought that they could trade part of their free dom for security.Although his idea sounds wrong, it essentially represents a point at which the self-preservation and pity of savage man are perfectly equilibrize with the acute regard for oneself in relation to others of modern man. Some aspects of reason and communal life are good, but they are still potentially destructive. In criticizing civility and concern for others as negative features of society, Rousseau goes against the good manners and civility that are generally seen as restraining the savage features of man, as he feels that there is slide fastener to restrain in natural man, and civility only makes men compare themselves to one another.As for Thomas Paines The Rights of Man, he justifies the principles of modern republican governments. He attacks the notion of monarchy and privilege and argues that each generation has the right to establish its own system of government. No nation can legally be ruled by a hereditary monarchy because government is for the living and not the dead. No generation has the right to establish a government binding on future generations. He argues that humankind can reach its full potential under republican governments which would allow individuals to live free of privilege and caste. To sum it all up, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Paine put forward an idea of how the government sprung from inequality and lack of a central world authority.For Hobbes, an absolute monarchial government ruled by one person only, is necessary to fulfill the societys need for order and the regulation of its people so that society can avoid from spiraling into anarchy. As for Rousseau, a government having biases towards the rich while deceiving the poor was created so that the insecurities of the people would force them in order to perpetuate inequality which make them dependent on the government, handsome it more power. Lastly, for Paine, a representative and democratic government is formed to protect the peoples rights to be protected and to safeguard them from the threat of chaos, allowing the people to create an environment where they can mature and achieve their potential.Despite the differences in some parts of their ideologies such as the sources of inequality and the roles of the government, a single goal is presentedthat is, for the mental institution of a concept of government in order to prevent the society from turning back to its nature of anarchism. While Hobbes one-man rule could lead to abuse of power, his intention is for this monarchial type of government to administer order and self-preservation in the society. As for Rousseau, the maintenance of an inequality between social classes assures the stabilization of finite resources and society itself. Lastly, for Paine, his model world of a representative-democratic government lies on the belief that environmental influences create the individual and that a benevolent form of government can bring about human happiness. Putting them together, their main objective can be viewed as the organization and harmonization of society so as to push it towards progression.References(n.d.). Rights of Man. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http//www.enotes.com/rights-man capital of Oregon/rights-manSparkNotes Editors. (n.d.). SparkNote on Discourse on Inequality. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http//www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/inequality/

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management Essay Example for Free

International Journal of Retail Distribution Management look forIntroduction Sales promotion is the offer of an incentive to induce a desired sales result (Gilbert, 1999). For our purposes promotional techniques, within UK supermarkets, have been taken to be mensurate increasing promotions (i. e. verifiers and price deals) and value adding (i. e. premiums, prizes/contests/sweepstakes, samples, point of leveraging display, demonstration and loyalty cards). Sales promotion consists of a wide variety of short-term tactical promotional tools aimed at generating a desired response from customers.Although there is a shift in marketing communications, away from advertising towards sales promotions, there is no consensus among researchers that sales promotions lead to repeat purchase. It is agreed, however, that price promotions can result in a short-term increase in sales (Smith and Sinha, 2000 Banks and Moorthy, 1999 Kopalle and Mela, 1999 Diamond, 1992 Gupta and Cooper, 1992 Baw a and Shoemaker, 1987). It is also important to tick off that studies of price promotions also show that customers who take advantage of a price promotion often return to their favourite brands (Ehrenberg et al. 1994 Brandweek, 1994). There is a large personify of literature, which has examined consumer response to sales promotions, especially coupons (Krishna and Zhang, 1999 Huff and Alden, 1998 Leone and Srinivasan, 1996 Bawa and Shoemaker, 1987, 1989 Gupta, 1988, 1993 Blattberg and Neslin, 1990). Coupons and discounts argon the most widely used promotional tools. However, relatively little research has focussed on value adding promotions. In coupon promotions retailers maintain the original price of the product and it is only coupon holders who are entitled to a discount.As buyers are not theater to a reduction in sales price there is no need for them to adjust their internal reference prices downwards, as is the case with discount promotions. Therefore, coupon promotions shou ld be more attractive than discount promotions in improving the transaction value of the product. However, consumers must keep track of the coupons and produce them at the place of purchase. If consumers are used to utilising coupons then they are likely to have a more positive attitude towards them (Huff and Alden, 1998). Also, if a The authors D. C.Gilbert is Professor of Marketing and N. Jackaria is a Researcher, both(prenominal) at Surrey European Management School, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. Keywords Sales promotion, Retail trade, Food industry, Marketing Abstract UK supermarkets need to be able to assess the current efficacy of the work out they allocate to promotional activities aimed at boosting sales. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to investigate consumer response to the four different promotional deals most commonly used in UK supermarkets coupons, price discounts, samples and buy-one-get-one-free.Multi discriminant analysis was used on a stud y of 160 respondents to analyse whether there was an association between the four consumer promotional approaches and respondents reported acquire behaviour. The findings indicate that only price discount promotions proved to be statistically significant on consumers reported buying behaviour. Purchase acceleration and product trial are found to be the two most influential variables related to a discount. For buy-one-get-one-free, while the result is not significant, the two variables, brand switching and purchase acceleration are statistically significant.

Me Talk Pretty One Day Essay Example for Free

Me Talk exquisite One Day Es readMe Talk Pretty One Day. The title already starts questions and as you get through the essay, it makes perfect sense and creates a meaning to the title. Sedaris is the narrator throughout the essay and nearly at the beginning of the story you finds his tone throughout the essay is kind of a downhearted tone, it sounds like he is depressed and put down by the teacher of his french course. Sedaris is passionate in leaning French. He moves to France and starts school there, so that he would learn the language better than he could in America. On his graduation exercise day Sedaris watches his fellow students catch up with each other, discussing their summer vacations and the latest news about mutual friends. He has a number of first impressions they come on much younger (he is now forty-one years old), they are definitely much more attractive, and they all appear to speak French flawlessly. Sedaris soon feels a little out of his element, until his French teacher arrives and makes him feel like a complete imbecile. However, Sedaris is not alone in being belittled by his instructor for she did not just pick on him simply the rest of the program.However, he still went home every night and studied everything so that he could go to class the next day and know just a little more so the teacher wouldnt pick on him as much. You find the depressed tone again during class, that everyone wanted to be there but at the same time didnt want to be there. The teacher rode on a high gear horse beca drill she didnt speak only fluent French but 4 other languages too, including English, which she shows to Sedaris by saying in English I hate you, I really hate you. (Found on page 3, last paragraph) Now why in her right mind does the teacher feel the need to put everyone down, and to say something of this nature stating that she hates him. Why is that, is it because she herself has troubles in her life and she feels in her time of power of be ing the professor of a French course and the only one that shadower speak it fluently, that she bed emasculate everyone in the class.But through all of that all of the students including Sedaris, go home every night and study their French for hours on end, an example of it is stated on page 14, 1st paragraph. I took to spending 4 hours a night on my homework, putting in even more time when we were assigned an essay. Because of that the tone suddenly switches from a depressed tone to an upbeat tone right towards the end of the essay when Sedaris states, Understanding doesnt mean that you can suddenly speak the language. Far from it.Its a small step, nothing more, yet its rewards are intoxicating and deceptive. The teacher continued her diatribe and I settled back, dishwashing in the subtle beauty of each new curse and insult. From that moment, the professor goes on to belittle Sedaris but this time he isnt hurt or insulted by it. He takes from it and with pledge replies to her insults with, I know the thing that you speak exact now. Talk me more, you, plus, please, plus. Leaving you with a feeling of happiness and joy knowing that Sedaris gained his confidence back.From the tone of the essay, it makes everything feel a lot better in the end. The use of the French in the essay, gives meaning to the times where you dont understand what the counterpart is saying applying the use of words that doesnt exist creates a confusion but also an understantment of how Sedaris feels when the teacher is talking to him. Here you can see the words meimslsxp lgpdmurct apzkiubjxow palicmkrexis fiuscrzsa ticiwelmun kfdtinvfm vkkdyo kdeynfulh.Understanding and speaking do not automatically go hand in hand, but it is better to understand rather than to speak. Which is the point the author is trying to make through the ideal selection.. David Sedaris takes a stroll down memory lane in his anecdote about his experience learning to speak French in Paris, under the influence of a cruel dictator-like teacher. He describes certain moments of intense cruelty of the teacher, such as when one girl in his class doesnt know the refuse irregular past tense of the verb to defeat.The girl was poked in the eye with a freshly sharpened pencil, and the teacher, although remorseful, did not spend much time apologizing. The students in the class are not fluent in French, and their halting sentences, when translated, sound like sometime me cry alone at nightthat be common for I, also, but be more strong, you. This is the exact way that a student of a foreign language would speak, and it illuminates the difference between speaking a language so that others could possibly understand you, and understanding the language.

Areva Est Un Groupe French Essay

Areva Est Un Groupe French EssayAreva est un groupe franais qui figure hitmi les leadership mondiaux de lnergie nuclaire. Il rsulte de la fusion, en septembre 2001, de CEA Industrie, Framatome et Cogema. Cot tire le skirt de lEuronext Paris, Areva est compos de quatre principaux do main(prenominal)es dactivits qui give-and-taket le ple amont (extraction et enrichissement duranium), le ple aval (recyclage stilbestrol combustibles nuclaires), le ple racteur et run ( formulation de racteur nuclaire et services au combustible) et jusqu rcemment, le ple TD (transmission et distribution dlectricit) tire lequel porte notre tude.En analysant les relations entre la stratgie globale du groupe et la dcision de cder le ple TD, puis en tudiant le contexte (performance de lentreprise) soul aurons alors une meilleure comprhension de la dcision prise.Areva thresh de comptences et dun savoir faire de trs haut niveau dans news secteur, rsultat de positivistic de 60 ans dhistoire de llectronu claire franais. Le groupe a effuse ambition dtre la fois le fournisseur mondial dinfrastructures nuclaires mais galement du combustible ncessaire lexploitation de ces infrastructures, ainsi que diethylstilbesterol services attachs ce combustible.Anne Lauvergeon, Prsidente du groupe, compare dailleurs volontiers parfois sa stratgie avec celle de Nespresso, sous-entendant que les bnfices viennent en expansivee partie de lactivit combustible.La structure intgre diethylstilbestrol activits dAreva, de la mine au retraitement en passant par la construction de racteurs est un avantage indniable par plangency ses concur hang-ups.Implant dans plus de cent pays, les activits linternational dAreva ont une place importante dans la stratgie de croissance du groupe, en sappuyant forelandement sur la renaissance du nuclaire qui a lieu actuellement, et, jusqu la cession, sur les activits de TD.Lanalyse du heavy(p) dAreva permet de mieux mesurer les enjeux LEtat franais dtient environ 86% stilbestrol fonds propres. Cette structure de capital peut apparatre comme contraignante shoot le dveloppement du groupe, lEtat ntant pas autoris, par exemple, et ce en rai parole de la lgislation europenne, financer les investissements et laccroissement en capital.La sortie inattendue de Siemens du capital, les retards sur le chantier de construction du racteur Finlandais, la ncessit de dvelopper le groupe et de conqurir de nouveaux marchs, amnent, daprs les experts, des besoins estims environ 12 milliards dEuros dici 2015. Ces besoins sont une des raisons qui ont incit ltat cder le ple TD Alstom pour 4 milliards dEuros et rflchir une ouverture et augmentation du capital.Certains analystes ont affich un doute quant la pertinence de cette cession, lactivit TD repr moveant environ 45% du rsultat dAreva et sappuyant sur un rseau international dense. La Prsidente, elle-mme, ne souhaitait pas cette session. LEtat, quant lui, actionnaire principal, a avanc la ncessit de fonds propres et de recentrage des activits autour du nuclaire.La dcision prise par le gouvernement de vendre la branche TD nous semble donc pertinente eu gard au contexte la France est experte en nuclaire et souhaite conserver cet avantage en permettant Areva de conqurir de nouveaux marchs, lexport notamment. Le besoin de capitaux est ncessaire, TD nose pas dans le cur de mtier dAreva, et cette dcision vient en cohrence avec dautres dcisions augmentation du capital prvue, ouverture de nouveaux investisseurs, objectif de hausse des dividendesIntroductionLentreprise que nous avons choisi dtudier est AREVA.Areva est un des leaders mondiaux sur le march de la production nergtique nuclaire.Plus particulirement nous avons choisi de nous intresser la dcision stratgique de cession dune de ses filiales, Areva TD (Transmission et Distribution).Cette cession, dcide courant 2009, a t effective dbut 2010. Alstom et Schneider, seront les nouveaux propritaires de cette filiale, pour un montant es tim 4 milliards deuros.La vente de cette branche dactivit dAreva a fait couler beaucoup dencre, en effet de nombreux observateurs ont soulign lincongruit pour lentreprise de se sparer de sa vache lait de TD, qui reprsentait plus de 30% des ventes ralises par AREVA en 20081 et les difficults que pourrait rencontrer le Groupe dans le futur.Cette vente, vastment impulse par lactionnaire majoritaire dAreva, lEtat Franais, ntait pas souhaite par le directoire dAreva, et par sa prsidente, Anne Lauvergeon. Son caractre prcipit sexplique en grande partie par la sortie brutale de Siemens du capital dAreva NP, la filiale dAreva spcialise dans la construction de racteurs et lapprovisionnement en combustible, contraignant Areva au rachat de ces parts.Nanmoins il convient de sinterroger sur le bien fond de cette dcision, et notamment de sa cohrence avec lensemble de la stratgie dAreva.Pour cela nous dterminerons dans un premier temps les caractristiques de lentreprise Areva, puis nous tentero ns de dfinir les enjeux du secteur sur lequel se trouve lentreprise, avant de nous interroger sur la cohrence de cette dcision.I Areva, un leader sur le secteur de lenergieA/ Prsentation gnerale du groupe et de sa stratgiePrsentation generaleLe groupe Areva se dfinie comme lun des leaders mondiaux des solutions pour la production dnergie sans CO (daprs le document de rfrence 2009 de lentreprise) et il exerce ses activits sur un secteur en plein essor le march porteur de lnergie.Il a su dvelopper des comptences et un savoir faire particulier ce qui fait de lui un acteur de rfrence, au cur des enjeux nergtiques.Ses activits concernent lnergie nuclaire (construction de racteurs, exploitation nuclaire, transport des matires radioactives) ainsi que les nergies renouvelables (oliennes) et le transport de llectricit. Ce bounteous portefeuille dactivit est le principal atout du groupe puisquen tant prsent sur toute la chaine du cycle nuclaire il peut suggester ses lymph nodes des offre s uniques chaque tape de la chaine de valeur et des services associs pour amliorer lefficacit nergtique des rseaux et respecter lenvironnement.Sa prsidente est Anne Lauvergeon depuis la cration de la socit en 2001.Areva emploie 47817 personnes dans les activits nuclaires et renouvelables, le groupe est fortement implant linternational.En 2009, son chiffre daffaires consolid sest lev 8 529 millions deuros et son rsultat net 552 millions deuros.La stratgie globale du groupePour illustrer la stratgie gnrale du groupe nous pouvons reprendre le propos de sa prsidente dans une interview du 10 juillet 2008 pour le magazine Challenges Luranium est un des lments moteurs de notre succs. Notre modle, cest Nespresso nous vendons les cafetires, et le caf qui va avec. Et le caf, cest trs rentable. Ainsi en Chine, nous avons vendu deux lots nuclaires, plus 35% de la production dUranium, dont nous sommes propritaires. Cela illustre notre modle intgr.Grce ce modle dintgration verticale, le grou pe peut anticiper les besoins du march, satisfaire au mieux la demande et ainsi avoir une longueur davance sur ses concurrents.Sa stratgie est de proposer des offres multiproduits/multiservices innovantes et adaptes aux nouvelles attentes des clients. Il a de plus une parfaite maitrise technologique (reconnue sur lensemble de la filire) qui sappuie sur 50 ans de recherche, des dpenses en RD importantes, des procds propritaires et des racteurs de nouvelles gnration si bien que pour lanne 2009 son carnet de commande svalue prs de 43302 millions deuros.Sur le march du nuclaire, Areva est lun des seuls acteurs compltement intgr sur toutes les activits du cycle du combustible et de la construction de centrales nuclaires il a donc a tablie sa stratgie sur une vision du nuclaire civil lhorizon 2030. Ds 2006, le groupe a engag un programme dinvestissements importants pour lui permettre de saisir les opportunits de march lies la renaissance du nuclaire dans les diffrents pays et ainsi con forter son statut dacteur de rfrence dans ce domaine. La maitrise de la chaine des approvisionnements en composants critiques par exemple est lun des facteurs cls de succs pour le groupe.Avec la croissance du nuclaire, Areva a aussi pour objectif de scuriser le cycle du combustible pour ses clients actuels et futurs, ainsi que de trouver des solutions durables pour la gestion du combustible us. AREVA dispose dans ce domaine dune avance majeure, puisque le groupe a dvelopp une technologie qui permet de recycler 96 % des matires contenues dans les combustibles uss et de les valoriser sous forme de combustible.Ensuite, fort des synergies entre le nuclaire et les nergies renouvelables, le groupe souhaite dvelopper une large gamme de solutions dans les nergies renouvelables puisquil en a lexpertise technique et que ce secteur est en plein essor.Pour mettre en uvre sa stratgie, Areva sappuie sur plusieurs facteurs incontournables Le capital humain en 2009, le groupe a recrut 12675 personn es. La RD 6% du CA en moyenne depuis 2005 Les investissements industriels Sur la priode 2010 -2012, AREVA prvoit une dpense de 6,5 milliards deuros dinvestissements (hors acquisitions). Les partenariats stratgiques ils apportent leur savoir faire et leur technicit et leur connaissance des marchs locauxB/ Les Domaines dactivits stratgiquesAreva, possde plusieurs domaines dactivits stratgiques, tous relis au secteur de lnergie.Ces activits se dcomposent en 4 ples eux-mmes dcoups en business unit. Le ple Amont extraction et enrichissement duranium Le ple Aval recyclage des combustibles nuclaires Le ple racteurs et services construction de racteurs nuclaires Le ple transmission et distribution dlectricit fabrication et installation dquipements.Le ple Amont produire du combustibleCette activit regroupe lensemble des mtiers situs en amont de la chaine de la production dlectricit dorigine nuclaire. Il a ralis un CA de prs de 3,47milliards deuros en 2009 (prs des deux tiers en Europe) et pe rmet au groupe de croitre davantage.On peut distinguer plusieurs sous activitsou business unit Mines la recherche, lextraction et la concentration duranium (mines exploites au Canada, au Niger et au Kazakhstan) 25% du CA en 2009 du ple Amont Chimie La conversion en hexafluorure duranium (chimie) 7% du CA Enrichissement les services denrichissement duranium 34% du CA Combustible les activits de conception et de production du combustible nuclaire 34%Reprsentant 41% du CA total dAreva en 2009, le modle conomique de ce ple est bas sur de lourds investissements long terme et repose sur la capacit offrir tous les produits et services ncessaires lalimentation des centrales nuclaires.Areva est lun des leaders mondiaux de lamont du cycle nuclaire.Le ple racteurs et servicesCe ple consiste concevoir et fabriquer des racteurs nuclaires de 2me gnration (racteurs eau sous pression et racteurs eau bouillante) et des racteurs REP de 3me gnration. Areva produit aussi des racteurs propulsion navale et des racteurs de recherche. A cela sajoute les activits de services de maintenance et des activits ddies aux nergies renouvelables (ex fabrication doliennes).Il ralise en 2009 un CA de 3418 millions deuros soit environ 40% du CA dAreva.On distingue 7 business unit Les racteurs (41% du CA du ple) Les services nuclaires (24%) Areva TA (12%) Equipements (9%) Mesures nuclaires (5%) Conseils et systme dinformation (4%) Energies renouvelables (5%)Les racteurs dAREVA sont implants dans les principales rgions du monde Europe occidentale, Amriques, Chine, Core du Sud et Afrique du Sud. Ses principaux concurrents sont des groupes comme Westinghouse/Toshiba ou General Electric/ Hitachi.Lallemand Siemens dtient 34% du capital de la filiale Areva NP qui se kicking de la fabrication des racteurs civils. Or celui-ci a annonc quil souhaitait revendre progressivement ses parts pour sallier avec le russe Atomenergoprom ce qui pourrait mettre Areva en difficult puisque ce DAS lui rapporte 40% du CA en 2009Areva a voulu largir son offre avec le business unit nergies renouvelables et se dveloppe dans lolien, les bionergies (centrales biomasses et biogaz cl en main)En 2010 le groupe acquiert la socit Ausra spcialise dans les technologies du solaire thermique de concentration et cela lui permet de devenir un acteur majeur dans le domaine des nergies renouvelables, et proposer ses clients des centrales solaires comptitives et efficaces. Le ple Aval gestion des combustiblesIl ralise en 2009 un CA de 1,637 milliard deuros contre 1,692 en 2008. Il reprsente 19% du CA du groupe et concerne toutes les activits lies au traitement et au recyclage des combustibles uss cest--dire la r instillration et valorisation des dchets duranium et de plutonium en mlanges doxyde, la fabrication de rservoirs de stockage des dchets, lassainissement des sitesIl y a 5 business unit Traitement et recyclage cette BU rcupre les matires valorisables (uranium et plutonium) des combustibles uss afin de les recycler sous une autre forme de combustible 61% du CA de lactivit Valorisation Cest lorganisation de lassainissement des quipements et installations, dmantlement des sites 14 % Logistique transport et emballage des dchets nuclaires 15% Assainissement maintenance dinstallations, dcontamination et dmantlement des sites 7% Ingnierie assister les oprateurs nuclaires dans lvolution de leurs installations 2%Le groupe grce ce DAS possde un avantage comptitif particulirement important (contexte de rduction de lempreinte nuclaire et de lacceptation du nuclaire par le grand public) en lui permettant dtre leader mondial sur cette partie du cycle nuclaire.En effet, lintrt de cette activit rside dans le fait que le recyclage du combustible us contribue conomiser les ressources naturelles en uranium. De plus, il facilite la gestion des dchets radioactifs en rduisant significativement leur sight et leur radio-toxicit. Plusieurs pays, qui souhaitent lancer un programme lectronuclaire ambitieux, se tournent vers la technologie du recyclage, Areva apparait donc comme lacteur incontournable.Dans ce domaine, les procds technologiques mis en uvre par Areva ont atteint leur maturit industrielle et permettent doffrir aux clients des conditions commerciales comptitives.Le ple TDIl propose des systmes permettant le transport dlectricit (moyenne et haute tension) du lieu de production vers le client final. En outre Areva installe des systmes complets et fournie des services adapts chaque plane section de march (transmission, distribution et industrie lectro-intensive). Les solutions proposes par le ple permettent de faire fonctionner les rseaux lectriques de manire fiable, stable tout en respectant lenvironnement.On peut dcomposer ce ple en 4 business unit Produit la conception et fabrication de produits de moyenne et haute tension pour acheminer llectricit de la centrale jusquaux utilisateurs55% du CA Systmes linstallation de systmes lectroniques et informatiques lis la gestion des rseaux30 % Automation la fabrication et linstallation de sources de pilotage en temps rel des rseaux lectroniques9% Services assistance aux clients, maintenance et de rparation6 % du CACe domaine dactivit stratgique dAreva contribue faire de la socit un leader sur le march. Depuis 2004, lquipe dirigeante dAREVA TD a mis en uvre des plans damlioration sur 3 ans, qui ont contribu au repositionnement de lentreprise. En effet, la marge dexploitation dAREVA TD est passe de 3,2 % en 2004 7,4 % en 2009Ce ple a ralis un CA en 2009 de 5,474 milliards deuros, mais bien qutant lactivit vache lait du groupe, il est actuellement en cours de cession.Cest le ple le plus internationalis du groupe avec plus de 60% du CA du ple ralis hors de lEurope.C/ LinternationalisationDs la cration dAREVA, lobjectif du groupe tait de devenir un leader mondial dans ses mtiers et dassurer une prsence internationale sur tous les mtiers du nuclaire. Le groupe a donc dvelopp une stratgie dinternati onalisation afin de bnficier dune base de clients largie et simplanter au niveau mondial.Aujourdhui AREVA est un groupe mondial avec une prsence commerciale dans plus de 100 pays et qui ne cesse de se dvelopper.Le groupe AREVA dans le mondeSource www.areva.com En Europe, AREVA est vite devenu un leader dans ses mtiers. Cette fusion a permis au groupe de faire directement face la concurrence mondiale, notamment celle dAsie et dAmrique du Nord. Le groupe AREVA a donc dabord utilis une stratgie de croissance de fusion avant de pouvoir lancer son internationalisation. Aujourdhui les perspectives de croissance en Europe sont assez positives. Le march du nuclaire continue de se dvelopper en Europe de lOuest et des projets sont en cours de prparation en Europe de lEst. Le march des nergies renouvelables est aussi en pleine croissance grce la volont de lUnion Europenne de dvelopper ce type dnergie. La zone Europe reprsente 57% du chiffre daffaires du groupe en 2008.En Amrique du Nord, lim plantation a commenc avec lacquisition de la socit amricaine Canberra et puis Duke Engineering en 2002, qui renforce la position dAREVA en tant que pilier dans le secteur de lnergie. La stratgie tait donc de simplanter rapidement afin de pntrer le march efficacement. Cependant, cette stratgie peut tre critique car une implantation aussi rapide ncessite des frais dintgration en termes de construction de culture dentreprise et de business model cohrent dans tout le groupe. Aujourdhui le chiffre daffaires dans la zone Amrique est en lgre baisse mais les perspectives de croissance sont positives, notamment sur le march des nergies renouvelables avec les marchs de la bionergie en forte expansion au Brsil. La zone Amrique correspond 14, 7 % du chiffre daffaires total en 2008.Dans la zone Asie et Pacifique, le groupe AREVA possde 11 sites industriels, une usine quil dtient 100%. De plus, le groupe a mis en place des partenariats avec des entreprises locales, appeles co-entreprises. Cette stratgie est assez cohrente tant donn, quAREVA cherchait pntrer le march Asiatique assez rapidement et les partenariats avec des entreprises locales vont permettre au groupe de mieux cerner les enjeux et les habitudes culturelles de travailler dans cette zone et dans ce secteur. Le march Asiatique a une taille trs importante, lInde et la Chine sont des pays avec de forte consommation en nergie. La Core du Sud et le Japon dveloppent la construction de centrale nuclaire. Par ailleurs, le march des nergies renouvelables est aussi en dveloppement dans cette zone, avec la volont des gouvernements de favoriser la bionergie, le solaire et la fibre hydrogne. La zone Asie et Pacifique reprsente 19,5% du chiffres daffaires total en 2008.Le groupe AREVA est aussi prsent dans la zone Afrique et Moyen-Orient et intervient majoritairement dans les activits des crinkle Groups Mines, Amont et Racteurs Services. AREVA exploite luranium au Niger, o le groupe bnficie de tarifs prfrentiels. Par ail leurs, cest au Qatar, que la filire TD signe son plus grand contrat. Le groupe AREVA veille donc saccaparer les opportunits intressantes dans la zone Afrique et Moyen-Orient. Les perspectives de croissance ne sont intressantes lheure actuelle que pour le march de lnergie nuclaire avec lintrt des pays du Golfe et ceux dAfrique du Nord pour lutilisation de cette nergie.Source www.areva.comLe groupe AREVA a su donc se dvelopper linternationale assez rapidement en cernant les marchs avec les perspectives les plus intressantes. Cependant, on peut noter que cette implantation sest faite dans une dure de temps trs rapide dans certaines rgions grce lacquisition de socits locales. Cette stratgie permet au groupe AREVA de pntrer le march efficacement et dcrocher des contrats intressants. Nanmoins, il est important de souligner que chaque zone gographique doit tre rassemble sous lgide dune culture et dun business model commun.Les concurrents dAREVA, ont pour la plupart une histoire beaucou p moins rcente et se sont dvelopps linternationale avec une stratgie diffrente. Le groupe amricain Westinghouse sest implant par le biais de fusion et dacquisition notamment en Europe.D/ les actionnairesStructure de lactionnariatAREVA a t cr le 3 septembre 2001, partir de lex-structure CEA-Industrie dont le capital tait dtenu 95 % par le CEA (Commissariat lnergie atomique). Aujourdhui, la participation du secteur public(CEA, Etat et ERAP) dans le capital du groupe slve 87 %. Les4 % de capitaux flottantsont dtenus par lesporteurs de certificats dinvestissement.Depuis, de nombreux actionnaires (Total, EDF) ont apport diverses participations minoritaires dtenues principalement dans COGEMA (devenue, depuis, AREVA NC) et Framatome SA (devenue AREVA NP) en change de titres du nouveau groupe AREVA.La participation de lactionnaire historique (le CEA) est passe de 95,1% 78,96% lissue de ces oprations.Alcatel, qui dtenait 2,23% du capital du nouveau groupe AREVA, a vendu sa participati on le 21 dcembre 2001 la Caisse des Dpts et Consignations (CDC). Cette dernire qui possdait 1,36% du capital sest ainsi renforce un niveau de 3,59%.2Evolution de lactionnariatSource http//www.areva.com/FR/finance-402/index.htmlActionnaire2009De 2001 20082000CapitalVoteCapitalVoteCapitalVoteCEA78,96%82,99%*78,96%82,99%95,14%100,00%Etat5,19 %5,19 %5,19 %5,19 %CDC3,59 %3,59 %3,59 %3,59 %ERAP3,21 %3,21 %3,21 %3,21 %EDF2,42 %2,42 %2,42 %2,42 %Frampargne**0,62 %0,62 %0,62 %0,62 %CALYON**0,96 %0,96 %0,96 %0,96 %Total1,02 %1,02 %1,02 %1,02 %Porteurs de CI4,03 %4,03 %4,86 %0,00 %AREVAauto-Contle0,2 %Lactionnariat dAREVA est partag lEtat franais est propritaire direct et corroboratory 5.19% de dtention propre et 78.96% et 3.59% travers respectivement le Commissariat lEnergie Atomique ainsi que la Caisse des Dpts et Consignation. Dautre part, des actionnaires minoritaires sont propritaires du reste du capital de lentreprise (ce sont en majorit de grands groupes franais qui dtiennent ces participations tels quEramet ou Safran.)Evolution du cours de laction Lintroduction en bourse de lentreprise Areva date de septembre 2001. La valeur du titre na cess de croitre sur la priode 2001-2007 le titre tant pass de 163.8 euros 731.38 en moyenne. Ensuite, en une anne, il a perdu plus du double de sa valeur pour atteindre un cours moyen en 2008 de 335 euros. Ceci sexplique par plusieurs facteurs, notamment une baisse de lnergie nuclaire qui est intervenue en 2008 mais galement la mauvaise valuation de certains chantierscomme celui du racteur finlandais dOlkiluoto o le cot de construction du racteur a t dpass de plus de deux et milliards deuros.Consquences de la structure actionnariale sur la stratgie du groupeLes dcisions stratgiques du groupe AREVA ne peuvent tre prises sans laval du gouvernement franais, ce qui a pour effet de minimiser le rle des dirigeants de lentreprise. Ce postulat est trs important et contraint fortement le groupe dans ses politiques de financement.En revanche, Cette proprit de lEtat parait lgitime eu gard de limportance des cots fixes pour une telle socit, aucun dveloppement naurait t possible sans la prsence dun investisseur aussi important que lEtat. De surcrot, cest lEtat qui permet, travers les visites prsidentielles, lentreprise de ngocier de gros contrats dans les pays trangers. Toutefois, il convient de relativiser limportance de lEtat puisque celui-ci a prvu de rduire ses parts lors dune augmentation de capital qui devrait intervenir cet t (anne 2010) et dont il na pas prvu de participer (seule une participation symbolique est prvue).E/ la performance de lentreprise vis --vis de ses concurrentsPerformance conomique au sein de la filire Chiffre daffaireLEurope est le principal march client dAREVA, totalisant 63,6% du CA en 2009 dont 38,2% est ralis en France. Cette tendance est particulirement marque pour les ples AMONT et REACTEURS ET SERVICES dont environ 75% de lactivit provient de France et des autres pays europens . AREVA connait donc une forte dpendance auprs du march europen. Par ailleurs, les ventes ralises en Asie-Pacifique et aux Amriques reprsentent un tiers du chiffre daffaire, tandis que le groupe a ptit dun change euro/dollar dfavorable.A lchelle internationale, AREVA connat une forte concurrence au sein des activits AMONT, devance par CAMECO et RIO TINTO dans lextraction, puis par URENCO et USEC dans lenrichissement. Son principal concurrent, prsent sur lensemble des activits AMONT et REACTEURS et SERVICES est le russe Atomenergoprom.AREVA conserve sa position de leader international au sein ple AVAL. Son chiffre daffaire a cependant recul de 17% en 2008 et de 3,3% en 2009. En effet, cette activit rpond essentiellement au besoin dEDF dont AREVA est dpendante. De ce point de vue, AREVA a su capter un contrat important sign avec EDF en 2008 pour le recyclage de combustibles uss de 2008 2040.Part du chiffre daffaire des principaux acteurs de la filire nuclaire en 2008 (source tude Xer fi 9CHE27) AcquisitionsLe groupe a soutenu la croissance du ple TD en 2009 grce plusieurs acquisitions qui lui ont permis dtre comptitif sur le vieux continent. Il a gnr en 2008 38% du CA et 10% des commandes conduisant ainsi une croissance de 17% par rapport lanne prcdente. Les chiffres de 2009 ne sont pas dtaills dans le document de rfrence de 2009 publi par Areva, lactivit tant en cours de cession.Il a par ailleurs investi dans les nergies renouvelables grce lacquisition de lquipementier brsilien Koblitz, gant de la construction cl en main de centrales lectriques biomasses ou hydrolectriques.AREVA devient pour le moment un des constructeurs de centrales dont loffre est la plus diversifie. Rsultat oprationnelMalgr la hausse du chiffre daffaire, le rsultat oprationnel a lui chut presque de moiti (-44,3% en 2008). Cela sexplique notamment par les difficults rencontres dans la construction de lEPR OL3 en Finlande pour lequel 749 millions deuros de provisions ont du tre passes. Ratios dutilisation des actifsDaprs les donnes de In financials au 31/12/2009, AREVA prsente un currency ratio (total du cash disponible sur les dettes courantes) de 9,35%, soit 12 points infrieurs la moyenne de ses concurrents. Le groupe dispose de peu de liquidits, ce qui peut le mettre en difficults tant donn lintensit capitalistique de lindustrie nuclaire. Ainsi, si AREVA veut conserver son avance sur ses concurrents elle sera amene rcuprer du cash afin dinvestir massivement.La performance conomique du groupe est tout de mme satisfaisante avec une rentabilit des capitaux propres de 1,95 soit plus dun point suprieure la moyenne de ses concurrents. ParticipationsLe groupe semble oprer une stratgie de recentrage pour ne garder que les participations majoritaires autour de lactivit de production dnergie nuclaire. En effet, il a annonc sa volont de cder ses participations dans loprateur minier et de mtallurgie Eramet et dans le fabriquant de semi-conducteur STMicroelectronics. Po sition dAREVA vis--vis de ses concurrents PartenariatsLe secteur du nuclaire tant trs concentr et fortement capitalistique, les spcialistes mondiaux des centrales cls en main ont t amen signer des alliances stratgiques plusieurs niveaux Stratgique en sassociant avec des socits dextraction duranium afin dassurer lapprovisionnement en matires premires. Exemple Areva et Kazaromprom Technologique dveloppement de coopration intra branche pour construire des racteurs communs, atteindre rapidement une taille critique et bnficier de synergies dans le domaine des achats, des savoir-faire technologiques. Exemples Hitachi et GE (2007), Areva et MHI (2008), Siemens et Atomenergoprom (2010)Economique en sassociant avec des distributeurs dlectricits locaux afin dapporter au client une solution complte de la construction lexploitation. Exemple Areva et E.On au Royaume-Uni, Areva, GDF Suez et Total Comptitivit sur le vieux continentSiemens qui dtient 34% du capital dAREVA NP a annonc fin janvier 2009 quil cderait totalement ses parts dici 2012 pour mettre fin ce partenariat financier. Siemens explique son dsengagement par linsuffisante coopration managriale. Ce partenariat permettait

A Comprehensive Personal And Professional Development Essay

A Comprehensive in the flesh(predicate) And Professional schooling EssayManaging Professional DevelopmentDevelop a comprehensive Personal and Professional Development Strategy by answering the followingUndertake responsibility of your own in-person and career development.Conduct a self-assessment muniment by doing a personal SWOTUndertake a skill auditDevise a personal development plan to achieve personal targets and short and long barrier objectivesDevise and maintain a current CV and/or portfolio of workEvaluate progress and achievement of personal development and nurture targetsEvaluate learning and development with original aims and objectives set in the development plan set objectives in the light of evaluation and feedbackDevelop a range of interpersonal and assignable business skillsProblem SolvingCommunication fourth dimension forethoughtDemonstrate self-managed learning in a professional context1 Undertake indebtedness Of Your Own Personal and Career Development1.1 U ndertake Skill Audit1,2 Conduct A self-assessment inventory by doing a personal SWOT.1.3 Devise a Personal Development invent to achieve personal targets and short and long term objectives.1.4 Devise and maintain a current CV and/or portfolio of work.2 Evaluate Progress and Achievement Of Personal Development and Learning Targets.2.1 Evaluate learning and development with original aims and objectives set in the development plan2.2 Reset objectives in the light of evaluation and feedback3 Develop a range of interpersonal and transferable business skills3.1 Problem Solving3.2 Communication3.3 Time ManagementExecutive SummaryManagement development is concerned with improving managers performance in their present roles and preparing them for greater responsibility in the future. Mumford and Gold (2004) describes as an strive to improve managerial effectiveness through a learning process.To pursue better career we need to find what we are good, where we need to improve, however the p ower has undertaken SWOT to identify her strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. Skill audit is implemented to understand what skills are we good at and where we need to focus. The author has taken 4 skills audit on based on it has prepared a personal development plan. succinct and long-term objectives of the author have been acknowledged.Interpersonal skills like communication, problem solving and sentence management has been discussed. Communication is very effective today and plays an important role in our life. Different communication style is used at different levels. Time management helps to manage time effectively and build on it.Learning helps to increase in knowledge and skills. The author has implemented different theories and types of learning and in addition evaluated in her personal development plan.The author has been able to apply and has also been able to identify where she is standing today.1 Undertake office Of Your Own Personal and Career Development1.1 Undertake Skill AuditSkill Audit is undertaken to find erupt what skills are developed skills I possess but not developed to my expectations and finally skills that I would like to develop and have not got opportunities to develop.The objective for skills audit is Skills that I intend to develop over the 1 category of BBA left. The author has undertaken skill audit for Communication, Problem Solving, Decision Making and Learning, which has been attached as an appendix. The skill audit was taken in February 2011.1,2 Conduct A self-assessment inventory by doing a personal SWOT.Dr Heinz Weihrich (1982) had initiated earlier version of the SWOT analysis. The TOWS matrix stands for Threats/Opportunities/Weakness/. Individual Swot analysis givens one an in-depth awareness of the areas in which you stand out (Strength). The areas in which you need to improve (Weakness). It discovers opportunities, which are an outcome of your strengths and threats, which pose challenges obstructing you r growth.The authors objective to prepare SWOT is to justify her strength, weakness, opportunities and threats for her assignments for second term HNC year.Fig 1.1 SWOT (Fieldwork) secern For Skill Audit1.3Devise a Personal Development Plan to achieve personal targets and short and long term objectives.Individuals with guidance and encouragement carry out personal development plan. A PDP sets out the actions people propose to learn and do develop themselves.1 Personal Development PlanA My stopping point is to be more proficient in this competencyTo improve in my communicationB Results DesiredIf I am successful, this is how my improved competency go forth lookPresent Presentations well in classesIf I achieve a certificate during debatesGet well socialized with peopleC Action PlanTo improve in my communicationD Schedule Progress Review Date 1st December 2011Actual Progress Review Date 15thDecember 20112 Personal Development PlanA My goal is to be more skilled in this competencyTo b e a confident problem convergent thinkerB Results DesiredIf I am successful, this is how my improved competency will lookApproaching the problems systematicallyIf closings are well planned and well killBy understanding the criteria for a good decisionC Action PlanD Schedule Progress Review Date 15th defect 2012Actual Progress Review Date 25th March 20123 Personal Development PlanA My goal is to be more skilled in this competencyTo have an excellent approach in decision makingB Results DesiredAnalyse the options carefully.Having more knowledge of decision-making.Making decision quickly.C Action PlanD Schedule Progress Review Date 5th October 2011Actual Progress Review Date 7th October 2011 peg down ObjectiveAn objective is a sub-goal. It gives an individual a clear defined target. It recognizes short-term, assessable steps within a specific phase of time pathetic towards accomplishing long-term goals. There are two different objectives that are Short term and Long term. Short-te rm objectives are made to achieve in 2 years whereas long- term objectives are prepared to achieve in 5 years.Short term Objectives should be SMARTFig 1.5 Meaning of SMART (Reference)Short term Objective Set By The AuthorTo achieve atleast 10 Merits and 5 Distinctions in my assignments by the end of 2nd year.To learn cooking by next year January 2012.To learn driving by July 2011.Long term Objectives should beFig 1.6 Long Term Objectives (Reference)Long term Objectives Set By The AuthorTo get in one of the top university for MBA in London.To have work experience for atleast 2 years before I get into MBA.To substantiate my weaknesses.1.4 Devise and maintain a current CV and/or portfolio of work.Education QualificationWork Experience NilSkills ProfileIT Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and Excel.Languages English, French, Hindi and Marathi (partial).Taking ResponsibilityTeam WorkInterests and AchievementsAchievements Achievement Two State level certificate in swimming (2008), Five soil le vel certificate in athletics, zonary Level Certificate in Football, Certificate in Badminton in Annual Sports Meet (2008-2009), Three District level certificate in swimming (2007, Satara District Youth Congress), Certificate in Athletic in Annual Sports Meet (2008-2009)InterestsTravel Dubai, Honkong, Macau, Australia, New Zealand and ParisMusic All TypeSports Swimming, Badminton, Basketball and play (At times)Hobbies/ Leisure Activities Listening to Music, Designing and Decorating, Meeting Friends, Reading Novels and Surfing Net.

The Impact of a Third Party America´s Two Party Political System Essay

The Impact of a Third troupe Americas Two Party Political System For hundreds of years, the dickens party system has dominated the American culture, but many people are confused by what a two party system real means. Although a two party system is defined as two parties that are bigger than the equalizer, tierce parties have greatly carry oned elections for over a hundred years. Minor parties still continuously voice their opinions in issues, causing other candidates of either major party to adopt their philosophies. Furthermore, some parties, such as the Reform have in truth been successful in obtaining a position, such as governor. Finally, third party candidates have actually taken away votes from a number of nominees over the years. Third parties have become a necessity in this modern age with their ability to promote their beliefs onto other parties who advocate those policies in later elections. Therefore, it is obvious that the viewpoints of the Democratic and Republican parties have been affected by minor parties. Throughout American history, minor parties have adjusted and formed tender parties concerning the issues, so the two major parties must switch their position as the issues alter, allowing for the acceptance of many third party ideas.For example, the Socialist Party is supposed to be responsible for President Franklin Delano Roosevelts New Deal, which greatly helped many Americans. This shows that many Presidents reflect on the ideas of other parties and adopt them during their tenure in office. In extension to the New Deal, minor parties Eugene Debs, who ran four times fighting for the factory workers, and Ross Perot, who endeavored to eradicate the national debt, both inspired Presidents to accept their policies. Warren G. Harding approved the ideas of Eugene Debs while Clinton actually turned the national debt into a surplus before leaving office. Factional parties, such as the Bull Moose Party have also influenced the major parties to change their views. The Bull Moose Party called for more attention to not only business regulations but also party reform. Theodore Roosevelt was nominated for President and the Republican Party was forced to make a strong reform in their usual policy. These various examples, byout the years, prove how strong the minor parties were in impacting the presidential elections through other part... ...ile Lincoln received about 1.85 million of the popular vote. This shows how a split only causes losses while sticking together allows for victory match to statistics. Lincoln won only approximately 40 percent of the popular vote but still won presidency. Obviously, third parties have changed many presidential elections in our nations history.Third parties have shown their mark on presidential elections throughout the United States history. Whether it was through other candidates adopting their policies, with their local success, or with their impact on elections, third party candidate s have caused major change on various presidential elections. Minor parties will continue to impact other candidates and the rest of the country into adopting their views on certain issues. According to Nader, The only difference between the Republican and Democratic parties is the velocities with which their knees hit the floor when corporations knock on their door. Obviously third party candidates will continue to run and impact elections for years to come. http//www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2004/politics101/politics101_thirdparties.htmlhttp//www.u-s-history.com/pages/h832.html

Sucks and Blows :: essays research papers

In popular culture words are often taken out of mount to mean something other than what you will read in a dictionary, commonly referred to as slang. Classic examples of this throughout recent history is the word bad means good, or sucks implying bad, or blows in like manner, oddly enough means bad. If it is not already evident slang almost never makes any matter of the original meaning of a word. One of the newest editions to the dictionary of slang can be upliftd walking down the hall of any school, college, or university. You will undoubtedly hear the word faggot within a few minutes of being on campus. Over the many thousand years of the evolution of a utter word the harmless utterance has now taken on a new meaning and became an extremely negative and hurt-filled word, faggot.Researching the word faggot first brings ahead the Latin word fasces (fascibus). Originating during the Roman Empire the fasces was an axe surrounded by a tightly wrapped bundle of sticks and a majo r symbol of the magnate and authority an individual possessed. It is said that fasces were carried as symbols of power by Roman lictors in front of certain important people such as kings, consuls, staring(a) virgins, and proconsuls. The number of fasces-bearing lictors helped symbolize the importance of the officials. During World War II Mussolini used the fasces as a symbol of absolute power in his tyrannical fascist government. Even still today the fasces is a symbol of power there are fasces on the walls of the US House of Representatives and on the dime. During the late twelve-hundreds the Old French word fagot meaning bundle of sticks such as the one surrounding a fasces came to be. During the seventeen-hundreds the British added a g and derived the word faggot, also meaning bundle of sticks or wood. During this eon a faggot was first used as slang meaning an unqualified soldier that was added to fill ranks in a military regiment. These soldiers were positioned around the p erimeter to protect the more qualified soldiers from attack in the same manner the bundle of sticks protected the axe in a fasces. Later during the same century seniors in the British public schools began referring to a junior who does certain duties for a senior as a faggot. It is during this time that the first verb is derived in the form of fag (e.