Essay on The Culture and History of China - 1656 Words

Over the last 3000 years, China has had many inspirational leaders who have greatly influenced Chinas economy, literature, and philosophy. Not only have each one of Chinas historical and contemporary leaders had an impact on China as a nation, but many of their ideas have flourished throughout literature which has allowed other countries around the world to attain those ideas and learn from them. One of China’s great leaders whose ideas, theories and philosophical ponderings have had a great impact on Chinas ancient and modern day societies is Master Confucius. Confucius has inspired the literature of modern and ancient China through important books which are still being read by Chinese authors today. Moreover, Confucius has had†¦show more content†¦When the people of China were amazed by his well written and idealistic books, the words spread of Confucius’ great works of literature, which meant that more people would begin following Confucius. In one of h is novels titled â€Å"The Classic of History,† Confucius not only discusses from a literal standpoint about the history of China, but he also discusses the religious and philosophical aspect of Chinese history. This brought many priests and religious leaders from all around China to follow and understand the literature of Confucius. From a modern standpoint, the ancient and influential Confucian literature is still being read and more modern Chinese writers such as Sung-Yat-Sen, Liang Sou-Ming, Chin Yue-Ling still followed the ideas of Confucius’ writing. They believed that the ideas of the Confucian texts were very inspirational and influential as they began to use his style of writing as well as the basis of his ideas to start their writing. It is remarkable how the writing of a man who lived over 3000 years ago can still be inspiring people today in China to cherish literature and be amazed by his books. Confucius has had many major impacts on the philosophy of ancient and modern China which are shown through his significant theories and ideas. His ideas are what define the philosophy of ancient China as they introduce a new philosophical perspective to people. Confucius’ impact on Chinese philosophy began when heShow MoreRelatedChinese Medicine And China History And Eastern Culture929 Words   |  4 PagesThe Chinese medicine is related to china history and eastern culture. Every culture has its own idea about creation of universe and human being. Chinese has a basic theory for human creation that included the human’s physiology and the human’s substance. The theory of five substances depends on five elements that related to all physiologic activity of human. One of them is Qi. Qi term has a conflicted idea between traditional Chinese medicine and western scientific sense that due to misunderstandRead MoreHistory and Museum – Instilling National Identi ty and Multiculturalism by display of History in Museum1711 Words   |  7 Pagesand preserving history of a country or a place with educational implication. Museums, as stated by Brown and Davis-Brown (1998, p. 19), â€Å"help to preserve a collective national memory and thence to constitute a collective national identity†. The way of displaying war photos and different exhibits may have functions of raising national identity and present multiculturalism to audience. This essay will be discussed about how nationalization and multiculturalism presents through history in China’s museumRead MoreCultural Experience Paper China780 Words   |  4 Pagescountry of China for my out of body cultural experience. China is a very diverse country with 56 recognized ethnic groups (Globeaware 1). The majority group of people is the Han Chinese. Other groups of people include the Mongols, Manchus, and Turik Uighurs. Each group of people has their own unique history and social v alues. China’s history dates back thousands of years. It is difficult to do a short paper and presentation on Chinese culture because there are so many different sub-cultures withinRead MoreCulture Is A Way Of Life1033 Words   |  5 PagesWhen defining the word culture, a common definition is that culture is a way of life. The way of life, however, holds a very general and unspecific meaning, and thus it is only an accurate description to encompass the basic idea of culture in a worldwide sense. A culture is made up of the people within it, and their interactions with each other and the society around them. It is these interactions that resulted in ideas such as art, history, tradition, and science, along with a range of others. TheRead MoreA Specific Culture Of Leadership938 Words   |  4 PagesInfusing a specific culture(s) into one’s leadership, by far, is one of leadership’s greatest challenges. It could be said that culture dictates how leaders lead. In the culture of leadership itself, a leader must understand the context of what is happening around them and how information flows from one audience to the next (Barrett, 2014). Time, language, power, spirituality, tradition, and whether or not a specific culture is driven by collectivism or individualism are also to be consideredRead MoreMay Fourth Movement and Beyond1056 Words   |  5 PagesMao Zedong, the prominent leader of the Cultural Revolution and one of the innovators of the People’s Republic of China, once declared, â€Å"Classes struggle, some classes triumph, others are eliminated. Such is history; such is the history of civilization for thousands of years.† By the time the Qing Dynasty met its inevitable downfall in 1919, a new set of radicals started protesting of a new form of government on May Fourth. This movement, known as the May Fourth Movement, facilitated the MarxistRead MoreWine Quality Of Wine Tourism1545 Words   |  7 PagesWine making history can be traced back to fourth century BC. Wine making in China has also last for at least 2000 years. Wine tourism is defined as a special tourist activities related to visit winery and wine producing area thereby obtain broadly feelings and experiences, including wine tasting, wine appreciation, food, touring around wine producing areas and learning cultural and life style of the wine producing area. The activities usually last for one day or more (Zhan Li, 2009). Wine tourismRead MoreWhy Did The British And Chinese Views Of The Opium Trade Differ So Strongly From One Another?871 Words   |  4 Pagesdiffer so strongly from one another? China and British perspectives on the opium trade were contradistinctive and ultimately became the foundations of the Opium Wars in 1839-42 and 1856-60. The clash of opinions were not based around the narcotic opium itself but stemmed from a misunderstanding of cultures, conflicting economic behaviours and different ethical ideologies. The two countries were fixed in times of two unrelated eras. For thousands of years China followed a way of life propagated byRead MoreChina And Japan Asian Civilizations1459 Words   |  6 Pages China and Japan were two of the most significant East Asian civilizations in pre-modern world history. China is a large country bordered by Mongolia and North Korea with many geographical features including deserts, a plateau, rivers, a plain, and is surrounded by three major bodies of water. China’s pre-modern history began with in 1600 BCE with the Shang Dynasty, and ended in 1911 with the Qing Dynasty. Different forms of philosophy impacted social structures, and everyday life of Chinese citizensRead MoreChin Culture, Economic, Political, Military Perspective1060 Words   |  5 PagesChina: culture, economic, political, military perspective Class 13D 003-17 SGT Moreno, Adam Introduction China is a nation in East Asia whose vast landscape covers grassland, desert, mountains, lakes, rivers and more than 14,000km (8699.1967mi) of coastline. China borders 14 different countries; Afghanistan, Pakistan, Vietnam, North Korea, Russia, Bhutan, Burma, Nepal, Laos, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and India (Kallie Szczepanski). The capital Beijing mixes modern

Todays Teaching and Learning Porcesses - 1197 Words

In today’s dynamic classroom, the teaching and learning processes is becoming more nuanced, more seamless and it flows back and forth from student to teacher. Digital Pedagogy is needed, in impact digital technologies have on student’s engagement and motivation. In progressive schools pens and pencils are fast getting obsolete now, rather than â€Å"soft skills† are needed for work. Education now focus on how to make the most effective use of digital technologies in teaching and learning. Due to extensive use of digital tools in classes, teachers are more co-collaborators or moderators rather than just teachers. Teaching has become more of an attitude towards and aptitude with digital technologies. Even before the digital age, educators were experimenting with computer-supported learning. The Interactive Learning System (ILM) are capable of managing the delivery of individualized instruction to large number of students at a variety of achievement levels and providing instant feedback on their performance. This provide educators with extremely fine-grained diagnosis of student’s abilities. According to Marc Prensky, either we are Digital Natives or Digital Immigrant. Since our generation was in period of learning when digital technology revolutionized, we consider ourselves as digital natives with some traces of digital immigrants. This has facilitated teachers to understand the two worlds and help them to bridge the gap with their expertise. The schooling system need to equip

Consider the representation of women in James Bond films Free Essays

string(205) " equality worked alongside the fact that women had proven themselves in men’s jobs during the war and, although some men disliked it, women did make a very large step towards full equality with men\." Since 1962, when the first film was produced, a total of 22 James Bond films have been made. The James Bond franchise has become extremely popular and well-known all over the world. Although each film is unique in its own way and the storyline differs from film to film, there are certain generic features that have become things the audience recognises and expects to find in all Bond films. We will write a custom essay sample on Consider the representation of women in James Bond films or any similar topic only for you Order Now These features include gun fights, car chases (usually featuring an Aston Martin), exotic locations, gadgets, villains and last, but certainly not least, girls. All of these things make up a kind of ‘Bond cocktail’ that the audience of these films has come to love and that has made these films as successful as they are. Umberto Eco described the Bond narrative as, ‘a series of moves on a chess board, with characters playing out their usual functions. ‘ This refers to how the Bond films all have similar pieces or ingredients and they each have a part to play to make up this ‘Bond cocktail’ like how chess pieces all have different moves they can make. One of the most important of those generic features is the Bond girls. Bond girls also have certain criteria that the audience expects them to fulfill in the films and they have become famous for. The connotations of the term Bond girls are normally attractive, desirable and sexually available, especially to Bond. However, Bond is often seen to use the women as playthings for his pleasure that he often sleeps with and then discards. They are regularly portrayed as needing Bond’s protection and acting in a very passive and submissive manner towards Bond. However, it is debatable as to whether this is not the case with all women in Bond films and some people believe that some Bond women are liberated and they use Bond themselves rather than it being the other way round. The definition of liberated is ‘not bound by traditional or sexual roles’ and for this to apply to the female characters in Bond films they would have to avoid fulfilling their traditional roles in the films. The traditional role of women would be as housewives that stay at home and do domestic tasks while the men go out to work. In sexual terms women would traditionally get married and settle down and only have sexual relations with one man. A big traditional role of women is that they are second to men and men are more dominant and have power over women. Two Bond films where women play very large parts and are showcased in a number of different ways are, ‘Goldfinger’ and ‘The World Is Not Enough’. Goldfinger was first screened in 1964 and was one of the first Bond films produced; at a time when audiences were just being introduced to the ‘Bond cocktail’ and more specifically, Bond girls. The story follows Bond as he tries to spoil the plans of the villain Goldfinger who aims to contaminate all the gold in Fort Knox so that his own gold increases dramatically in value. This would severely damage the world economy and Bond has to stop Goldfinger from detonating a nuclear bomb in order to save the gold. One of the main women in this film is Pussy Galore; she is a pilot employed by Goldfinger that is repeatedly given the job of escorting and taking care of Bond, before switching sides, with Bond’s influence, and helping to stop Goldfinger. The other two women that play important parts in the film are sisters, Jill and Tilly Masterson. Jill initially works for Goldfinger, before meeting with Bond and then being killed by Goldfinger as punishment. Following this, Tilly attempts to murder Goldfinger for revenge; however she becomes involved with Bond in the process before also being killed by Goldfinger’s henchman, Oddjob. ‘The World Is Not Enough’ was released almost 40 years later in 1999, meaning it was aimed at a more modern audience and this is visible throughout the film. The storyline is similar to that of ‘Goldfinger’, as a villain (this time a man called Renard) is attempting to blow up a stretch of oil pipe line with a nuclear bomb, meaning the only supply of oil can come through one pipeline. This pipeline is owned by Elektra King who is initially meant to be innocent and under Bond’s protection until it is revealed she is working with Renard. Bond then faces the task of stopping the bomb with the help of a nuclear physicist called Dr. Christmas Jones. Apart from Christmas and Elektra there is one other woman that has a big role in the film and that is M (head of MI6); which contrasts with ‘Goldfinger’ in which M was a man. In the 1960’s the roles of women were changing a lot. During the Second World War women had been given the opportunity to go and do â€Å"men’s† jobs in factories as the men were abroad fighting the war. After this women began to move closer to equality with men and they started to have their own freedom. They were no longer just housewives that were inferior to men and this attitude continued into the 1960’s. In Goldfinger this is visible because the women in Pussy Galore’s flying circus are pilots, which is quite a difficult and complicated job. However, there are also parts of this film that show that women may not have reached complete equality with men yet, as some of the female characters appear weak both physically and mentally and are left out of important events. Feminism is all about recognizing the need for women to have equality with men and feminists work to create that equality. In history there have been three major waves of feminism and one of those took place just after the Second World War, continuing up until the start of the 60’s. This surge in women campaigning for equality worked alongside the fact that women had proven themselves in men’s jobs during the war and, although some men disliked it, women did make a very large step towards full equality with men. You read "Consider the representation of women in James Bond films" in category "Papers" In the 1990’s, attitudes towards women had changed even more and were very similar to today. Women had equality with men and could pretty much do any job that would have before been seen as a job purely for men. This is shown in ‘The World Is Not Enough’ where Dr. Christmas Jones is a nuclear physicist which is an extremely hard job and she must be very intelligent to do it. However, some of the Bond girls in the film still seem to just be used as sexual objects by Bond and this would suggest they are not fully liberated despite reaching equality with men. Two key parts of both the films are the opening credits. In ‘Goldfinger’ images from the film are projected onto the body of a woman, who is painted in gold, using multi-layering. The connotations of gold are things like precious and artistically-pleasing and this could be a metaphorical symbol for women, as the girl is motionless and very passive so she does appear to be something to be looked at and appreciated visually. Gold is also a high value commodity that can be bought and sold and this could also symbolise women being almost like possessions that men can own and that they can be bought and traded. However, the women is also wearing a bikini, which was a fashionable item of clothing in the 60’s and could be worn just to emphasise that the woman is to be looked at because it is a very revealing piece of clothing. But, this could also show the liberation of women because it shows the more liberal attitude of the 60’s that allowed women to be more open and free sexually. The opening credits in ‘The World Is Not Enough’ differ slightly from those in ‘Goldfinger’ as there is now more than one girl and they are covered in oil rather than gold. This shows that the film is more modern, as oil is probably now as, if not more, valuable than gold and this means that it has the same kind of connotations as gold; it is very expensive and precious. However, these titles contrast to those in ‘Goldfinger’ because the women are a lot more active and are dancing, but they are dancing in quite a provocative way which could mean the audience is being invited to look at them and admire them, which is similar to ‘Goldfinger’. The girls are also completely naked which represents how women have become even more sexually liberated since ‘Goldfinger’ and nudity had become more acceptable with the audience. An important part of the titles in ‘The World Is Not Enough’ is the song and more specifically the lyrics. Firstly, the song is sung by a woman and the notable lyric is, ‘We know when to kiss, we know when to kill. ‘ This suggests that women are very smart and devious and can be killers just as easily as they can be lovers, which goes against the traditional idea that they are very affectionate and maternal and not violent at all. This could also be directly linked to the character of Elektra King who uses her body throughout the film to seduce men to get her own way and is also involved with her father’s murder at the start. In ‘Goldfinger’, the first female character we meet is a dancer. She is quite attractive and very scantily-clad, which shows she is dressed to be looked at and to entertain the men she is dancing for. This is shown by a high angle camera shot that initially picks her out among the men and they are all looking at her body. When Bond is speaking to his friend he looks over at the dancer and says, ‘I have some unfinished business to attend to. ‘ This is quite derogatory because he isn’t referring to her as a person, which also suggests she doesn’t mean very much to him. The word ‘business’ is especially important here because he is kind of saying she is like a job that he has to complete and nothing more. When he then goes to see her she is initially naked in the bath and there is a camera shot of her bare back, this shows that she is vulnerable and Bond has the power in the situation because he is fully-clothed and standing over her. Then when she goes to kiss Bond he accidentally pokes her with his gun and she jumps back. That incident has a bit of sexual innuendo and when she asks him why he carries it around he jokes that he has an ‘inferiority complex’. This is sarcasm because he is actually a confident and dominant man. However, the dancer has actually double-crossed Bond and this is shown when a man walks into attack him when the dancer distracts him with a kiss; this is revealed with an extreme close-up of the girl’s eye, where Bond sees the reflection of the attacker. He then uses her as a shield against the man, which suggests that she didn’t mean anything to him and he puts himself before women, although it could just be because he realizes what she has done to him. This shows that Bond was tricked by the girl and she used her body to get to him, but then she was also being used by someone else to get to Bond, so she still isn’t in control. Bond seems surprised that she double-crossed him, when he looks at her and says, ‘very shocking. ‘ This could suggest that he didn’t expect a woman to do that to him and perhaps he underestimated her and didn’t expect a woman to be that cunning. The next time we see Bond he is again with a woman and this time it is a character called Dink, who is massaging Bond whilst he relaxes on a sun lounger. This suggests that he uses women for pleasure and it is also shown that he has control over her when his friend Felix comes over. He introduces her and then says, ‘Dink say goodbye. ‘ This is an imperative, so he is not asking her to do something he is ordering her around. He then says it is ‘man-talk,’ which shows that women are kept out of matters of business and they are kind of a liability. The way he talks to her with short words in short sentences also suggests that she is not very bright and gives the impression men are seen to be more intelligent than women. Finally, he slaps her bottom to dismiss her and that is very disrespectful, but she doesn’t argue and just does what he says, so it appears Bond has power over women and can get them to do what he wants. A slightly similar character to Dink in ‘The World Is Not Enough’ is Doctor Molly Warmflash. She is seduced by Bond when she is giving him a check up and she gives in straight away, saying, ‘you’ll have to promise to call me this time. This tells us that this has happened before and it appears she can’t resist Bond so again he has this kind of power over women and they find him very attractive. However, he is just doing it to get a clean bill of health, so although he may get a bit of enjoyment out of it he is still just using her to get what he wants. The difference is th at she is a doctor so she is obviously quite intelligent, but even so she doesn’t act professionally and is quite happy to be used by Bond. She is on top of Bond though which is a position of power, but it is still clear that Bond is in control. A complete contrast to the characters of Dink and Doctor Warmflash is the character of Money Penny. She appears in both films as she works for MI6, which is quite an important job, and is always dressed very respectably. She is also very conservative and holds traditional views and this is shown in ‘Goldfinger’ when she says, ‘The only gold I know about is that on your third finger. ‘ This shows that she obviously thinks marriage is important and she is showing that she is attracted to Bond, but she wants something more than just sex, she wants a proper relationship. This is shown in ‘The World Is Not Enough’ when Bond offers her a cigar and says, ‘You know what you can do with that. ‘ This could well be linked to the Bill Clinton sex scandal that had just taken place at the time, in which President Bill Clinton had been accused of having sexual relations, involving a cigar, with a woman in the White House. Money Penny then chucks the cigar in the bin to show that she isn’t interested in that kind of a relationship with Bond. So Money Penny is an example of a Bond girl that doesn’t get seduced by Bond and is more interested in marriage than just a sexual relationship. However, Bond then doesn’t seem very attracted to her which might suggest he isn’t interested in settling down and just wants to stick to sleeping with women and then moving on. The next woman that Bond meets in ‘Goldfinger’ is Jill Masterson. When he first sees her she is helping Goldfinger cheat at cards and she is dressed in a very revealing bikini and is lying in quite an alluring pose. Bond then finds out that she is being paid to be seen with Goldfinger as well when he says, ‘What else does he pay you for? ‘ Here he seems to be suggesting that Goldfinger might be paying her for sex which links back to the idea that women could be seen as a possession that can be bought. However, she denies doing anything else and is clearly holds no allegiance to Goldfinger because she is then very fickle and changes sides. There are a lot of camera shots on her body during this scene that expose the fact she is only wearing a bikini, so it is again inviting the audience to look at her. She is also very passive and at no point does she try to stop Bond and it is clear he is in complete control over her which is also shown by the fact she is lying down and he is looking down at her. Then Bond quite clearly looks down her top at her breasts when she leans upwards and she doesn’t seem to care, she is quite happy for him to look at her. However, she is then left out of Bond’s conversation with Goldfinger, which shows that women are kept out of important affairs. This happens again when Bond receives a phone call in his hotel room and he pushes Jill’s face out of the way. This is quite disrespectful, but Jill just lies back and doesn’t seem to care – she is happy to do what Bond wants her to. This gives the impression that women are just seen as something to give Bond pleasure and when it comes to matters of business he sees Jill as a bit of an annoyance. They are then fully-clothed in bed which is testament to the fact that full nudity was not acceptable in films at the time. Bond is then knocked out and he finds Jill lying naked on the bed covered in gold paint. She has been murdered and yet she is glamourised in her death as she is covered in gold. Bond is extremely business like about her death and shows very little emotion despite the fact that it was partially his fault. After this he just moves on and appears to forget Jill completely, which supports the idea that Bond looks to girls purely for pleasure and then is happy to discard them afterwards. In the most recent Bond film, ‘The Quantum of Solace’, there a girl called Agent Fields that dies in a similar fashion. However, she is covered in oil instead of gold, and although oil is valuable it isn’t at all glamorous and the black colour actually symbolises fear and death. There is also a shot of Jill Masterson in ‘Goldfinger’ where there is a cushion placed in the way of her bottom and this is because the audience at the time wouldn’t of approved of that level of nudity. However, in ‘The Quantum of Solace’ there is an almost identical shot of Agent Fields, but there is no cushion hiding her. This shows that audiences have changed over the years and nowadays nudity is much more acceptable. Later in the film Bond runs into Jill’s sister, Tilly Masterson, and she appears to be very different to her sibling. Tilly is a lot more active as she is driving aggressively and tries to shoot Goldfinger twice to get revenge for him murdering her sister. She is also dressed very respectively with her hair tied back and she uses very assertive language when speaking to Bond; seemingly unaffected by Bond’s charm like her sister was. Another difference between her and her sister is that she is a lot more independent and says to Bond, ‘I can take care of myself. ‘ This contrasts to the typical Bond girl that would need Bond’s help and protection. She does, however, appear to be very much governed by her emotions and says, ‘I want to kill him. When she says this she sounds almost like a little girl that is really upset and angry that they can’t have there way. This is when it becomes clear that she is being controlled by her emotions, which is a more womanly characteristic because traditionally women are more emotional. She also misses Goldfinger when she tries to shoot him and then later on she is making lots of noise in the forest when Bond is silent. These things show that she isn’t as skilled as Bond and it suggests that women aren’t supposed to be doing the kind of work Bond does and they are incapable. It is when they are in the forest that Bond takes control and Tilly starts to become more like her sister was before she died. She becomes more passive and follows Bond’s orders. Her hair is also down now, which seems like a very minor change but it symbolises the fact she has turned into more of a typical Bond girl. Then Bond there is a car chase and Tilly appears to admire Bond and all the gadgets he has in the car and even smiles a bit when before she had been serious the whole time. Bond’s charm also seems to start to take an affect on her now, which suggests that all women become attracted to Bond after a while and supports the idea that Bond girls can’t resist Bond. However, Bond then tells her to, ‘Run when I tell you,’ which results in her being killed by the henchman Odd Job. Bond at first seems quite concerned and runs over to her, but then he seems to shut out his emotions once again and puts her behind him. This is similar to how he reacted when Jill died, it just seems to annoy him a bit and apart from that he doesn’t seem to care. The main female character in ‘Goldfinger’ is Pussy Galore and the first thing that is noticeable is her name. The name is very suggestive and another name that is a bit suggestive is Doctor Molly Warmflash from ‘The World Is Not Enough’. Those names are another example of the sexual innuendo that is in both of the Bond films and the name of Pussy Galore could have come from the fact that in the book written by Ian Fleming that the film is based on, Pussy was a lesbian. When Bond first wakes up to see her he says, ‘Who are you? I must be dreaming. Bond says this because Pussy Galore is very attractive and she is well-dressed, but the clothes she is wearing are quite tight-fitting and show off her body. She is friendly towards Bond, but immediately tells him she isn’t interested in him when she says, ‘Turn off the charm – I’m immune. ‘ This gives the impression she isn’t attracted to Bond and this is different from the idea that women can’t resist Bond. She is a pilot for Goldfinger, which is quite a challenging job and Bond appears surprised when she tells him. She also has her own flying circus which shows she is a successful women and independent as she has her own business. All the pilots in this flying circus are also female which again goes against the traditional idea that women can’t do jobs like piloting aircraft. She has to transport Bond on the plane and he seems to think he is in control because he swings on the chair, acts very relaxed and when she threatens him with a gun he explains it would shoot through the fuselage to try to make her look stupid. However, she doesn’t appear phased by Bond and stands over him in a position of power and ignores his witty remarks towards her so she is actually the one in control. The camera shots also show this because they are mainly from Bond’s perspective looking up at Pussy or from her perspective looking down at Bond; this emphasises her position over him. On board the plain there is a servant called Mai Lee who balances Pussy Galore out because she is more of a typical Bond girl. Her job is to serve Bond and she is very considerate and apologetic towards him. She also needs his help to put the plane steps down when they arrive, which suggests women are weaker and they need Bond’s help, however Pussy Galore goes against this as she does everything without Bond’s help and is very independent. Bond also looks at her bottom when she walks away from him which again shows women as something to look at. Later in the film Goldfinger hints that Pussy Galore should dress up to seduce Bond and distract him and this suggests that women are maybe a weakness of Bond’s and he can’t help himself. This links back to earlier in the film when Bond first meets Tilly Masterson and says to himself, ‘Discipline 007. ‘ This is because he was already told off by M for getting involved with women during his missions. Pussy agrees to it, but she also explains that she won’t get any pleasure out of it when she says, ‘Business before pleasure. This suggests that she sees it purely as business and again is not attracted to Bond at all. It makes sex seem almost like a kind of business when it would normally be for pleasure. Pussy then dresses more in a more revealing way and puts on a friendlier front to seduce Bond, saying, ‘I’m completely defenseless. ‘ Here she is actually using Bond which contrasts to the way that Bond usually uses women and shows that women can control Bond as well as he can control them. Pussy Galore and Bond then end up having a kind of play fight in a barn and Pussy defends herself well because she knows Judo. This is unusual because women aren’t normally expected to fight and perform martial arts, which again shows how skilled she is. However, Bond then gets the upper hand and ends up on top of Pussy and at this point her attitude and character change very rapidly. Bond tries to kiss her and at first she resists and fights back, but then she just gives in and kisses Bond. This is a very big piece of evidence to support the idea that the women can’t resist Bond because Pussy had appeared didn’t seem to be attracted to him and had been in control of Bond, but then everything changed. This could also show that it isn’t that the women can’t resist Bond, but they don’t want to resist Bond as she gave in so easily. This also signals Pussy’s change of sides and she helps to stop Goldfinger. When we next see her she is wearing light colours and this is symbolic of her change to the good side. Bond says he, ‘appealed to her maternal instincts. ‘ Which would suggest that women are caring and don’ want to hurt anyone; however this motherly attitude is twisted earlier on in the film. When the pilots go to drop sleeping gas on Fort Knox they call it ‘Operation Rock-A-Bye-Baby’ which is a nursery rhyme a mother would sing to nurture her child but they are actually killing people. The final part of the film shows Pussy Galore trying to signal a rescue helicopter after her and Bond jumped out of a plane with a parachute, however, Bond pulls her back and says, ‘This is no time to be rescued. ‘ After this he covers them with the parachute and it is clear that he wants to make love to her. This shows that she is a completely changed character because she has succumbed to Bond’s charm and is now a traditional Bond girl. She is also positioned underneath Bond so he is in a position of power over her. ‘The World Is Not Enough’ shows women as being a lot more active than in ‘Goldfinger’ and this is seen with the cigar girl who is the first woman to appear in the film. She is very business like and is wearing a suit so she looks completely professional. However, she is also quite attractive and you can tell Bond notices this when she says, ‘Do you want to have a look at my figures,’ and he replies with, ‘I’m sure they’re all perfectly rounded. Here he is obviously referring to her body rather than the mathematical figures she is referring to, but Bond’s charm doesn’t rub off and she looks at him angrily. However, Bond could be saying this because he doesn’t because he doesn’t think that a woman should be involved with business affairs and that is why he made the joke about body, because when she goes and sits to the side he becomes a lot more serious in conversation with the men in the room. However, the girl then kills the banker Bond is speaking to and runs off, which shows that women are obviously just as capable as men at killing people. Bond then meets her again in a boat chase around London. During this she is dressed in red, which symbolises danger and could be a metaphor for how dangerous the women is. She has a bigger boat than Bond which gives her a bit of power over him and she also fires a gun at him during the chase; showing she isn’t afraid to kill again. Despite this whole action sequence though she still remains dry and always looks beautiful, where as Bond is soaked. This could again show that she has power over him, or it could suggest that she is still something to be looked at. During the course of this she seems very in control and dangerous she sacrifices herself at the end when Bond has caught her after saying, ‘You can’t protect me; not from him. ‘ This shows that she is actually very scared and fearful despite putting up a fearless front during the boat chase. A female character with a very important role in ‘The World Is Not Enough’ is the head of MI6, M. This differs from ‘Goldfinger’ in which M was a man and it reflects that, in reality at the time, the head of MI6 was a woman called Stella Remington. Obviously this role gives M a lot of power and is the first woman we have seen that actually has power and control over Bond and he has to follow her orders. She also fits the role very well and remains calm when the bomb goes off in the building she is in. However, she does show her emotions at a funeral, when she hugs Elektra in a kind of motherly role. Later on in the film Bond accuses her of letting herself be ruled by her emotions when he says, ‘With all due respect, I don’t think you should be here. This is after M has come to see Elektra and then, when Elektra reveals that she is actually in league with Renard, M realises that she did actually make a bad judgment based on her emotions and she loses control and slaps Elektra. This incident suggests that women may always be governed in some way by their emotions and that they can’t always control them because M slaps Elektra out of anger. The idea of emotions clouding a woman’s judgment suggests that men are more in control of there emotions and don’t let them get in the way; this is shown by the cold heartedness Bond seems to show at the death of the women in both films. Earlier in the film however, M does show that she is perfectly capable of keeping her emotions locked up when she explains how she advised Elektra’s father to not pay the ransom for Elektra when she had been kidnapped before. She says, ‘Against every instinct in my heart, every emotion as a mother. ‘ This again refers to the maternal instincts of women and how they want to be affectionate and care about people; however it also shows that they can ignore those maternal instincts as well and act more like a man – putting their emotions aside. The thing that stands out most about M though is that fact that Bond treats her with a great deal of respect, even when he thinks she is in the wrong, and this is shown again with the quote above in which Bond says, ‘with all due respect. ‘ M is possibly the only woman that Bond willingly allows to control him and that he has a completely professional relationship with. Finally, M shows that she is very clever and capable to fend for herself, when she uses a clock to send out a signal to Bond after she has been captured by Elektra and Renard. Elektra is possibly the most important woman in ‘The World Is Not Enough’ because she is a villain and she manages to use and manipulate Bond during the course of the film. She tricks Bond, at first, into believing she is innocent and they end up making love with each other. This shows again that Bond’s desire for women is almost a weakness for him because initially he says to Elektra, ‘This is a game I can’t afford to play. ‘ Here he is referring to getting into a relationship with her, because M had told him not to. However, he then ends up sleeping with Elektra, which suggests he couldn’t resist her. This is a role reversal because it is typically women that can’t resist Bond, but here it is the other way around. During the bedroom scene, both Bond and Elektra are on top which could symbolise a balance of power between the two. There is also more nudity than in the scene between Bond and Jill Masterson in ‘Goldfinger’ which reflects the fact that it is aimed at a more modern audience which now finds nudity more acceptable. During that scene, Elektra also reveals to Bond how she escaped her kidnappers, ‘I seduced the guards. I used my body. This shows that she is willing to use her body to get what she wants and that could very well be what she was doing at exactly that moment with Bond because it gave her power over him. This is because Elektra then turns on him later on after he accuses her of being with Renard, ‘You used me, you used me as bait. ‘ Here she is referring to him sleeping with her and it shows how manipulative and clever she is because she is making Bond feel guilty when it is actually her in the wrong. Elektra is also the only woman that actually seems to appeal to Bond’s emotions in the films. When he sees a tape of her after she escaped from her kidnappers she is crying and Bond touches the screen and seems genuinely sorry for her and he appears to care for her a lot. Later in the film, Renard teases Bond with the fact that he slept with Elektra before him, ‘I broke her in for you. ‘ Bond gets really angry at this because he realises that Elektra was just using him. The language Renard uses here is very derogatory and sexist and suggests that he was in control of Elektra and took advantage of her; however she could again have been using Renard to get what she wanted. The way Elektra uses her body to manipulate men and get what she wants is quite ironic because that is what Bond normally does to other women and it proves that it can work the other way around. In the casino Elektra draws a queen of hearts and this could also be a symbol of the way Elektra uses her body to play with men’s emotions of love and with their lust to get her way. Finally, Bond is put in an execution chair and Elektra is slowly tightening the screw that can break his neck when she says, ‘I’ve always had a power over men. This is symbolised by the fact that she is on top of Bond in a position of power and she also has the power to kill him. She is also obviously referring to how she has used her cunning to manipulate Bond and he is now completely vulnerable whilst she is in control. However, Bond counters this by saying, ‘You meant nothing to me; you were just one last screw. ‘ This is again sexual innuendo because he is referring to when he had sex with her and also to the fact that she is about to kill him with one last turn of the screw on the chair. After this Bond escapes and points a gun at Elektra. It appears, at first, that his emotions are affecting him because he doesn’t seem to want to kill her, possibly because she is a woman. He does shoot her though and afterwards he doesn’t seem to care very much. This shows that Bond puts his emotions aside and links back to the idea that the Bond girls don’t mean anything to him and he just discards them and moves on. The final Bond girl in ‘The World Is Not Enough’ is Doctor Christmas Jones. When we first see her there is quite a long camera shot that pans up her body and this again invites the audience to look at her and admire her body, like an object. She wears some very tight-fitting clothes that emphasise her body and are quite revealing as well, but she also wears some scientific clothes that show that she is obviously very intelligent because she is an IVA Nuclear Physicist. At first she doesn’t appear at all attracted to Bond and says, ‘Are you just hoping for a glimmer too. ‘ Here she is putting him down and it again questions whether Bond girls actually find Bond irresistible. Christmas is also very professional and even when she is in danger she appears calm and looks like she can look after herself. At one point however, Bond grabs her to remove her from danger and this could be for either of two reasons. It could be because she is a woman and he cares for her, or it could be because he realises he is going to need her help. Later on it is clear that Doctor Jones is more intelligent than Bond, but he still seems to control her and tell her what to do and she doesn’t object. Later in the film, she dresses up and uses her body to lure Zukovsky and distract him. She is very clever, but she still needs to use her beauty, which suggests that Bond girls can’t just be intelligent; they have to be attractive as well. She is also left out of the business conversation between Bond and Zukovsky despite the fact she is very smart and knows what is going on. This links back to the idea that women can’t be involved in business affairs and don’t have a part in making decisions. At the end of the film, Bond makes two jokes about Doctor Jones that involve sexual innuendo. First he says, ‘I’ve always wanted to have Christmas in Turkey,’ and then he says, ‘I thought Christmas only comes once a year. ‘ These witticisms both refer to him sleeping with Doctor Jones and again she has given into Bond’s charm by doing so. Her behaviour is similar to that of Pussy Galore in ‘Goldfinger’ in the way that she initially resisted Bond and didn’t seem attracted to him, but then gave in and ended up sleeping with him like a typical Bond girl. In conclusion, I think there are examples in the Bond films of girls that are like the stereotypical Bond girls that are attractive, sleep with Bond and require his protection before he just discards them and moves on. These women, like Jill Masterson and Molly Warmflash, appear to be used by Bond partly for his pleasure and partly to get what he wants. However, there are other characters, Elektra King especially, that use Bond themselves to get what they want. The main way they seem to do that is by using their bodies; as it appears Bond is at times incapable of resisting his desire for women. Another important thing to note is that in ‘Goldfinger’ the only woman that really had any power and an important role was Pussy Galore. Where as, in ‘The World Is Not Enough’ nearly all of the female characters have power and a big role to play. It is also the only film where any women have power over Bond, because M is obviously his boss and at times Elektra King has power over him as well. This proves that Bond is not always on control of women. This change in attitude over time is most likely because attitudes towards women changed and they gained equality with men by the time ‘The World Is Not Enough’ was made, while they were still moving towards equality at the time ‘Goldfinger’ was released. These historical factors are the most likely reason for the kind of evolution of Bond girls to the point where they sometimes control and out-smart Bond where as he used to always have power over them. Overall, Bond girls do appear to be liberated to a certain extent because they are not always bound by traditional sexual roles, which is shown by the way they are sometimes on top and in control in bedroom scenes. However, there are many instances where Bond has power and control over women and nearly every woman in the films seems to find him irresistible, which suggests that Bond girls are not completely liberated because they still appear in a lot of aspects to be inferior to men. Although, in the more recent films, Bond girls seem to be liberated in nearly all aspects they still don’t appear to be quite there yet. I think Bond girls never will be fully-liberated either, simply because if they were they wouldn’t be fulfill the well-known criteria of Bond girls and would therefore ruin the Bond cocktail. However, I may be wrong and, referring back to the quote by Umberto Eco, perhaps Bond girls could be the queen in the game of chess and they have the ability to move in any direction making possible for them to change without ruining the formula. How to cite Consider the representation of women in James Bond films, Papers

An Escape free essay sample

An ascent through a long narrow corridor of pines, tiny fox prints underneath my own, an abandoned campsite with a forgotten soda can sitting on a picnic table. Fierce orange leaves scattered amongst fallen berries floating down the stream to my right. A reprieve for my muscles provided by the flat, open field inhabited by my moose friend. For a few precious strides our feet hit the ground simultaneously as we travel parallel to each other—together and apart. She soon darts off, leaving me with a raised spirit embodied in a bittersweet half-smile. The geese above me watch awhile, but they too have better places to be. They honk staggered farewells as they fly south. On my own again, ascending, slipping, sliding, I forge through thick mud. Behind me I catch a glimpse of footprints I leave through a curtain of blonde ponytail. They don’t look quite like I thought they would; they’re much smaller. We will write a custom essay sample on An Escape or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nostalgia seizes me. I recall months ago, when someone juxtaposed my stride with the stride of a doe, springy and lithe. The sudden flapping of a grouse’s wings yanks me back, and my pulse quickens as I pinpoint where it came from. I laugh and keep pushing upwards, until trail intersects dirt road. My legs anticipate the descent, and I quicken my pace until the brush that crowds the sides of the road blurs into an audience, their branches skimming my shoulders like miniature pats on the back. When I reach the crest of the hill, I stop for a moment to catch my breath, only to lose it again at the wonder of my surroundings. On my right a crescent moon rises over a harvested field, and to my left the brilliant setting sun forces me to squint and shield my eyes. Caught amid the transition of night and day, my head bobs back and forth between the two as their silent battle for ownership of the sky continues. My feet start to move again, and I catch a glimpse of the waning sun in the side mirror of a dusty ’64 Impala parked on the side of the road. I am only racing the moon now. And race I do, for as the rose-colored sky surrenders to a deep eggplant peppered with stars, the residual warmth from the sun falls to the night’s chill. The city lights below wink at me as I descend and scraggly bushes morph into mailboxes. Eventually, tall birches are replaced by homes and childrens’ boot prints overtake raccoon tracks. The evening news is going unwatched in the living room of one house; a family is gathered around a dinner table at another. The headlights of a car cause me to slow my stride and shield my eyes as I reach the bottom of the hill and trot a few hundred yards on the sidewalk to my home. The porch light greets me and I linger under its glow awhile. My chest heaves and sweat begins to tickle the back of my neck as I turn and glance back to the trail, now shrouded in darkness. I open the door and my retriever waits for me, her tail hitting the wall like a metronome. She tells me with her amber eyes that I have been gone for too long.

Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) Essay Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet made decisions that lead to them both dying, which they could have avoided. Romeo causes Mercutio’s death by trying to stop Tybalt and Mercutio from fighting. â€Å"I am hurt. A plague o’ both houses! I am sped. † Mercutio says this after Romeo intervenes and causes Tybalt to stab Mercutio. He curses them by plaguing both houses, causing bad luck. Mercutio then dramatically shouts his death by saying, â€Å"I am sped. † â€Å"Romeo attempts to beat down their rapiers. Tybalt stabs Mercutio. This quote describes Romeo attempting to stop Tybalt and Mercutio from fighting. Tybalt then in result of Romeo intervening, stabs Mercutio. These kinds of evidence clearly states how greatly influential Romeo is to the other characters and the outcome of the play. Romeo left before the messenger gets there, so he did not know about the plan, therefore causing his and Juliet’s death. â€Å"Thy drug s are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. † Romeo hears about Juliet’s death but not the plan. So to join her in her death, he drinks a poison potion and kills himself. He kisses Juliet before he dies thinking he died in peace with her. â€Å"This is thy sheath. There rust, and let me die. † After seeing Romeo lying there dead, Juliet first tries to lick up and poison remaining on Romeo’s lips. Since there is nothing left, she turns to a rusted sword to stab herself and join him. Now, Romeo causes Juliet’s real death by drinking that potion, thinking that he’s joined her. So, Romeo influenced Juliet and him to make bad decisions, partly based on insufficient knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Definition and Examples of the Bandwagon Fallacy

Definition and Examples of the Bandwagon Fallacy Bandwagon is a  fallacy based on the assumption that the opinion of the majority is always valid: that is, everyone believes it, so you should too. It is also called an appeal to popularity, the authority of the many, and argumentum ad populum  (Latin for appeal to the people).  Argumentum  ad populum proves only that a belief is popular, not that its true. The fallacy occurs, says Alex Michalos in  Principles of Logic, when the appeal is offered in place of a convincing argument for the view in question. Examples Carling Lager, Britains Number One Lager (advertising slogan)The Steak Escape. Americas Favorite Cheesesteak (advertising slogan)[Margaret] Mitchell enhanced the GWTW [Gone With the Wind] mystique by never publishing another novel. But who would be so churlish as to want more? Read it. Ten million (and counting) Americans cant be wrong, can they? (John Sutherland, How to be Well Read. Random House, 2014) Hasty Conclusions Appeals to popularity are basically hasty conclusion fallacies. The data concerning the popularity of the belief are simply not sufficient to warrant accepting the belief. The logical error in an appeal to popularity lies in its inflating the value of popularity as evidence. (James Freeman [1995), quoted by Douglas Walton in  Appeal to Popular Opinion. Penn State Press, 1999) Majority Rules The majority opinion is valid most of the time. Most people believe that tigers do not make good household pets and that toddlers shouldnt drive...Nonetheless, there are times when the majority opinion is not valid, and following the majority will set one off track. There was a time when everyone believed the world was flat and a more recent time when the majority condoned slavery. As we gather new information and our cultural values change, so too does the majority opinion. Therefore, even though the majority is often right, the fluctuation of the majority opinion implies that a logically valid conclusion cannot be based on the majority alone. Thus, even if the majority of the country did support going to war with Iraq, the majority opinion is not sufficient for determining whether the decision was correct. (Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, and Diane F. Halpern, Critical Thinking in Psychology, Cambridge University Press, 2007) "Everyone's Doing It" The fact that Everyones doing it is frequently appealed to as a reason why people feel morally justified in acting in less than ideal ways. This is particularly true in business matters, where competitive pressures often conspire to make perfectly upright conduct seem difficult if not impossible. The Everyones doing it claim usually arises when we encounter a more or less prevalent form of behavior that is morally undesirable because it involves a practice that, on balance, causes harm people would like to avoid. Although it is rare that literally everyone else is engaged in this behavior, the Everyones doing it claim is meaningfully made whenever a practice is widespread enough to make ones own forbearing from this conduct seem pointless or needlessly self-destructive. (Ronald M Green, When Is Everybodys Doing It a Moral Justification? ​Moral Issues in Business, 13th ed., edited by William H Shaw and Vincent Barry, Cengage, 2016)​ Presidents and Polls As George Stephanopoulos wrote in his memoir, Mr. [Dick] Morris lived by a 60 percent rule: If 6 out of 10 Americans were in favor of something, Bill Clinton had to be, too... The nadir of Bill Clintons presidency was when he asked Dick Morris to poll on whether he should tell the truth about Monica Lewinsky. But by that point he had already turned the ideal of the presidency upside down, letting arithmetic trump integrity as he painted his policies, principles and even his family vacations by the numbers. (Maureen Dowd, Addiction to Addition, The New York Times, April 3, 2002)

Limited partnership in USA and Uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Limited partnership in USA and Uk - Essay Example In both countries, the formation of a limited partnership is between two or more persons with the same business objective. The general idea behind a limited partnership is that; there is at least one partner who will bear the full burden of the partnership’s debt, while at least one partner will be dormant. The dormant partner will only bear a portion of the partnership’s debt; that is, up to his/her contribution to the partnership’s capital. Limited partners shall not have any managerial authority. The UK law on limited partnership sets out some clear restrictions on the passive partners. These partners shall not (Osborne, 2002): If the limited partners fail to adhere to the above restrictions, they shall bear all the debts of the business up to the amount drawn out, while participating in the management of the company. The UK company law makes it clear that one cannot be both a general partner and a limited partner at the same time. Any individual or a legal body can become a partner in a limited partnership, either as a general partner or as a limited partner. Both countries require that a limited partnership be registered to ensure that it is not for fraudulent activities. In the UK, all partners in a limited partnership are equally liable for any debts incurred until registration (Osborne, 2002). In Saudi Arabia, joint partnerships will only be considered as legal after registration. Every joint partnership formed and registered under the country’s company law shall be regarded as a Jordanian corporate institution. According to the article (42) of company law; a partnership address should only consist of the general partners’ names. If a limited partner’s name is mentioned in the address, he/she ceases to be a passive partner. He/she becomes a general partner with the full responsibility of the business’ liabilities. The appropriate name should

Assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 - Assignment Example stomers with purchasing convenience and seamless access to the company’s portfolio is the main evidence of customer intimacy and support that FedEx offers to its customers. In addition, each of the FedEx\u2019s business segments has independent operations and strategies that enhance anticipation and customer support. In addition, FedEx has a supportive website (fedex.com) that demonstrates its product leadership. 2. What are FedEx’s four main business segments? Provide two examples of traceable fixed costs for each of FedEx’s four business segments. Provide two examples of common costs that are not traceable to the four business segments. FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Kinko\u2019s are the main business segments of the company (FedEx Form 10-K 2005, p. 3). On the other hand, the cost of maintaining the Memphis international airport facility and purchase of 557 airliners are examples of traceable cost for FedEx Express. Traceable costs for FedEx Ground includes cost of maintaining information and data centers located in Pittsburgh (FedEx Form 10-K 2005, p. 25) in addition the business segment caters for Daniel Sullivan’s (CEO) salary. Finally, traceable costs for FedEx Freight’s include cost of owning and maintaining 39,500 vehicles and trailers and their customs-critical headquarters at Ohio. A common example of not traceable to the four business segments would be PGA golf tournaments sponsored by the company. 6. Assume that the senior managers of FedEx Express and FedEx Ground each have an investment opportunity that would require $20 million of additional operating assets and that would increase operating income by $4 million. If FedEx evaluates all of its senior managers using ROI, would the managers of both segments pursue the investment opportunity? If FedEx evaluates all of its senior managers using residual income, would the managers of both segments pursue the investment opportunity? 4,000,000) = 1. From the previous

The Discovery of the Structure of DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Discovery of the Structure of DNA - Essay Example DNA consists of two strands, each composed of certain sugars and phosphates. The two strands wind around each other in a spiral, much like the two sides of the ladder wind around each other. Linking the two strands together are certain chemical elements called amines or bases arranged in a particular pattern. The rungs of the rubber ladder would be like these chemical links," (Ciccarelli p.252). An understanding of DNA is a fundamental necessity in understanding what it is that makes us who we are. Not the acts which we commit, but really who were imbedded in the core of ourselves. Ultimately, the genetic design of us as human beings is what truly the history book is as it comes to humans and what makes them who they are. Structural DNA is described as, "Some regions of chromosomes remain highly condensed, tightly coiled, and untranscribed throughout the cell cycle. Called constitutive heterochromatin, these portions tend to be localized around the centromere, or located near the ends of the chromosome, at the telomeres," (Johnson p.387). After Rosalind Franklin's use of x-ray technology as it came to DNA, the world would be introduced to two gentlemen by the names of James Watson and Francis Crick. "Learning informally of Franklin's results before they were published in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick, two young investigators at Cambridge University, quickly worked out a likely structure for the DNA molecule (figure 14.10), which we now know was substantially correct. They analyzed the problem deductively, first building models of the nucleotides, and then trying to assemble the nucleotides into a molecule that matched what was known about the structure of DNA. They tried various possibilities before they finally hit on the idea that the molecule might be a simple double helix, with the bases of two strands pointed inward towards each other, forming base-pairs," Elaborating further that, "In their model, base pairs always consist of purines, which are large, pointing toward pyrimidines, which are small, keeping the diameter of the molecule a constant 2 nanometers. Because the hydrogen bonds can form between the bases in a base-pair, the double helix is stabilized as a duplex DNA molecule composed of two antiparallel strands, one chain running 3' to 5' and the other 5' to 3'. The base pairs are planar (flat) and stack 0.34 nm apart as a result of hydrophobic interactions, contributing to the overall stability of the molecule," (Johnson p.287). "The Watson-Crick model explained why Chargaff had obtained the results he had: in a double helix, adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine, but it will not form hydrogen bonds properly with cytosine. Similarly, guanine forms three hydrogen bonds properly with thymine. Consequently, adenine and thymine will always occur in the same proportions in any DNA molecule, as will guanine and cytosine, because of this base-pairing," (Johnson p.287). Just as any scientist needs to do in order to prove their theory; Crick and Watson set out to do just that. "In late February of 1953, Crick and Watson built a model out of tin established the general structure of DNA. This structure explained all the known chemical properties of DNA, and it opened the door to understanding its biological functions. There have been minor amendments to that first published structure, but its

Haber-Bosch Process Alternatives

Haber-Bosch Process Alternatives â€Å"Should resources be invested in searching for an alternative to the Haber-Bosch process†. Introduction: Ammonia’s ongoing consumption in the world is startling. The production of ammonia (NH3) was the turn of the 20th century, a startling breakthrough in organic chemistry for the world to stand in astonishment. Two scientist; Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, made this breakthrough through the chemical procedure called the: ‘Haber-Bosch Process,’ (N2+ 3 H2→ 2 NH3.) However they weren’t the first to try the synthesis of ammonia from its elements (www.nobelprize.org, 1920.) prior to the discovery of synthetic ammonia and long before the commercial application of it, early farmers knew that certain properties of carbon based by-products which led to: human waste being scattered in Chinese farmlands, grinding of skeletons in Europe and the exploitation of Peru’s readily-available guano, due to its natural nitrogenous compounds, and the discovery of Nitrogen Fixation Processes (www.firt.org, 2012.) The need for Ammonia was directly related to the worldâ₠¬â„¢s survival, the fixed nitrogen from the air is an incredible and needed ingredient for fertilizing. Many principles of chemical and high—pressure processes were discovered and expended for the optimisation of the known nitrogen fixation process. Industries in the 19th and 20th century saw the ongoing need for nitrogen and turned to their already in use factories for producing coal to use the by-product of coking, ammonia sulphate. This along with the previously mentioned methods was how ammonia was produced pre-Haber-Bosch Process. From these early discoveries evidence can be seen as to why the Haber Bosch process is the best way of producing ammonia for the growing world. Two more scientists by the name of Priestly and Cavendish used electrical sparks in the air to produce nitrates, done by dissolving the oxides of nitrogen to form alkalis. Nitrogen Fixation, fixating Nitration as calcium cynamide proved evasive for commercial use, but later proved useful for the produc tion of chemicals requiring the cynamide configuration. There were numerous other process ect. Thermal Processing, cyanide formation, aluminium nitride formation and the slow process of decomposing to ammonia were deemed to elusive for sustainability due to the scarce amount of chemical components for the organic production to be made, resulting in to high of cost. With Habers-Bosch large-scale catalytic synthesis of ammonia from elemental hydrogen and nitrogen gas which had reactants that were inexpensive (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Iron as a catalyst.) Using high pressure (~5000c) alongside high pressure (~150-200 atm), the process involved forcing almost completely unreactive gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen to have the product of Ammonia. This high-energy process has undergone extensive modifications in the 21st century which goes on to prove that resources should not be devoted in the search for an alternative to the currently used Haber-Bosch process because the structure of the proc ess is the most balanced of the mentioned processes of making ammonia even in the 21st century with a need of 150 million metric tonnes of ammonia (Chemical and Engineering News, 1996); 80% of which is used in agriculture where 48% of the resulting produce is responsible for the world’s ongoing consumption, however there are a few methods that give an idea for very good alternatives that could replace Haber-Bosch, but would not be as efficient. Discussion on Methods: What has made the Haber Bosch process so great is its low cost and readily available materials as seen in this method, this however has been as previously mentioned modified many times since Haber’s work: Ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen, a reversible reaction is as follows: (1) And the equilibrium constant is (2) (www.ias.ac.in, 2012) From our understanding of organic chemistry we can see that production of ammonia is a exothermic reaction with a exponential amount of heat released. As previously mentioned the reaction is reversible, the forward reaction being ammonia synthesis, and the reverse reaction being ammonia decomposition. The decrease of the volume derives from the decrease in the number of moles of gas from the equations, two and one. With the use of Le Chatelier’s Principle (See appendix one), from this it can be seen that by increasing the pressure in the reaction causes the equilibrium to shift to the right resulting in a higher yield of ammonia produce since there is a pressure drop accompanying the transformation; the decrease in the temperature then also causes the equilibrium position to move to the right again resulting in a higher yield of ammonia since the reaction is exothermic as previously mentioned. Figures 1A and B show the effect of temperature and pressure on the equilibrium mole fraction of ammonia. It can be seen that the ammonia mole fraction decreases as the temperature increased just as the pressure increases. Figure one. (A is the mole fraction of ammonia in the state of equilibrium at varying temperatures to result in a given value of pressure. B is difference pressures at fixed values of temperature in Kelvin, data supplied by www.ChemWiki.org Temperature (K) Pressure (Atm) The conclusion then that ammonia synthesis according to the first equation is an equilibrium reaction that is favoured by low temperature and high pressure which. The reaction does not proceed at ambient temperature because nitrogen requires a lot of activation energy for the dissociation to happen (www.Topsoe.com). In the gas phase of the reaction, the dissociation occurs only at around 3000 °C (ChemWiki.com). Looking at the hydrogen molecule in the reaction, which has a weaker molecular bond, only dissociates markedly happened at temperatures above ~1000 °C (ChemWiki.com, 2012). Which shows that the reaction cannot be performed at lower temperature because it needs high activation energy to happen, if there was an increase in the temperature with a enough level, the reverse reaction predominates (www. http://abacus.bates.edu/, 2010). This is where scientist decided to have the role of the iron catalyst come in. Figure two below shows the energy profiles for ammonia synthesis in the absence and presence of the catalyst. The hydrogen and nitrogen molecules lose their translational ability to be bound to the catalyst surface. This reduces the activation energy dramatically and makes the forward reaction go faster, which makes sense to us because catalyst can’t do nothing else but speed the reaction up. Other minor components of the catalyst includecalciumandaluminium oxides, which are there to support the absorbent iron catalyst and help it maintain its surface area over time, andpotassium, which increases theelectrondensity of the catalyst and so improves its activity (ChemWiki.com, 2012). This means that scientist can rid the need for extremely high temperature conditions, a problem Haber encounted while trying to find commercial success. Something for us to know it the use of lower temperature reaction conditions means there is limited reverse reaction which is energy saving as well, this reinforces the idea of the Haber-Bosch Process being the bes t there is. For industrial use however, there is still a need for reasonably high temperatures (250–400 °C) to dissociate the N2 and H2. (Figure two, the effect of catalyst on the activation energy). Supplied by www.Chemguide.uk. Now that we know the advantages of the current Haber – Bosch Process, we can look into how carbon-free ammonia comes into the world. Licht wrote a paper on the two current chemical reactions that are now used most widely in ammonia synthesis: CH4+ 2H2O→4H2+ CO2 N2+ 3H2→2NH3 These won’t be explained because they already have previously. 3CH4+ 6H2O +4 N2→ 3CO2+8NH3 Licht wrote of a proposal for the use of ammonia as a fuel for automobiles. Although Licht did not specify the products of the ammonia oxidation, it looked into the possibility that this fuel cell might prove reversible in the case where a product was nitrogen gas, which looks into the fixation of Nitrogen, an electrochemical path to ammonia. However scientist need to overcome the extreme stability of the nitrogen-nitrogen bond in N2gas, nitrogen fixation always requires the need of gas with a metal (www.theenergycollective.com, 2012), which in biological systems the metal in question is molybdenum (as well as the used iron as the catalyst), making molybdenum, along with iodine, the only elements in the periodic table that are essential to this project.Haber he speculated that there was a better catalyst, uranium which we will look at later. A metal catalyst is required in the electrochemical process as stated, in this process the catalyst is iron, but in this case it is necessary that the iron, present as an oxide in the process, be in the form of nanoparticles suspended in molten alkali hydroxides, where future research can be done on the use of other molten oxides, notably, cesium hydroxide, which may prove superior however the variables in the process with respect to temperature, operating voltage, current and the physical nature electrodes will also need to be detailed in research before this can happen. (www.atomicinsight.com,2012). For this processto happen a eutectic melting mixture of KOH and NaOH, potassium and sodium hydroxides respectively; the authors explored also the use of other molten oxides, notably, cesium hydroxide, which may prove as a better source for the process. These hydroxides are only molten at higher temperatures, and steam and air or pure nitrogen gas are bubbled through the molten hydroxide s ( in the case of air, carbon dioxide, meaning that with the removal of this gas from the air would be a side benefit of the process, a benefit to the Haber-Bosch process.)The precise stoichiometry of the reaction varies with the conditions, but one form of reaction mentioned by the authors, this done through a controlled environment, is this: N2+ 10H2O → 2NH3+ 5O2+ 7H2 Both pure oxygen and hydrogen are important to the reaction, and goes to show that the reaction offers many potential synergies for the benefit of the scientist. The gases on the right side are not produced as an explosive mixture, because ammonia and hydrogen are formed on one side of the cell, at the cathode, whereas the oxygen is formed at the anode (www.atomicinsight.com).The mixture of cathodic gases, ammonia and hydrogen in the reaction, are easily separated by compression as Lecht found. The overall electrochemical efficiency is quite high compared to other attempts at the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to ammonia gas, which is around 46%, an efficiency that may well be competitive with Haber-Bosch process ammonia synthesis, however this does not include the heat penalty associated with melting the alkali metal hydroxides and keeping them molten which is the reason nitrogen fixation was proved a commercial disaster when Haber was working, where 38% of the land would be needed and the cost being severely higher, Haber’s process uses only 14% of the land to produce ammonia. What else could aid in the Haber-Bosches super process? A better catalyst. Haber sought for a better catalyst in the 20th century with investigations into uranium. With an understanding of the activity of the key component of the Haber-Bosch process which is the catalyst, could help to better the industrial nitrogen fixation still further from what we previously discussed and remove the need for high temperatures and pressures. Ruthenium, osmium, uranium and cobalt-molybdenum can all catalyse the Haber-Bosch process (ChemWiki.com, 2012), but iron catalysts are cheap. It’s the most commonly used catalyst which was developed more than a century ago and is a potassium-doped iron catalyst. A soluble version of such a catalyst might be even more efficient because it could overcome the rate-limiting step of nitrogen dissociation from a solid catalyst surface, which was demonstrated before. Scientist have found that soluble iron catalysts have proven ineffective for the process in its need to be reducing the N-N triple bond as seen in figure three and also cannot produce large amounts of ammonia for commercial use. Germany has developed a molecular iron complex that can react with (Figure three, The N-N Triple bond, a problem that persist in the formation of an improved haber-bosch process). nitrogen gas in the presence of a potassium reducing agent to generate a complex containing two nitrides bound to the iron and potassium cations which contain a mixed iron (2+/3+) nitride.Germany suggests that the formation of this developed core structure has three iron atoms working together to break the dinitrogen triple bond through a six-electron reduction (NewScientist.com, 2014). The resulting nitride of the reaction then reacts with hydrogen gas to generate a high yield of the product ammonia. Unfortunately, this process leads to the use of the iron and so is not catalytic, a problem for the process as it reduces the yield on ammonia because with an absence of a catalyst the reaction is so slow that virtually no reaction happens in a reasonable time (ChemWiki.com, 2012). The catalyst ensures that the reaction is fast enough for a dynamic equilibrium to be set up within the very short time that the gases are actually in the reactor. Germany’s work on the core provides i mportant clues as to precisely how nitrogen cleavage and N-H bond formation occurs, which might allow them to build a complex that does work catalytically in solution, something that can be further investigated in the future. This is great because it means the Haber-Bosch Process can be simplified and eventually bring a greater yield of product, seeing the growth of ammonia grow in the world. Conclusion: Through economic situations, the Haber-Bosch Process is the most essential to the world, however it’s also the most relevant in terms of the future. Nitrogen Fixation as we looked at can potentially be a competitor to the Haber-Boch Process, due to it’s overall electrochemical efficiency which as stated is quite high in comparison to other attempts at the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to ammonia gas, it is around 46%, an efficiency that may well be competitive with Haber-Bosch process ammonia synthesis. Unfortunately there is no process being studied in thermodynamics to reduce the heat loss from the process, ChemGuide.uk states that â€Å"A 46% increase is substantial for the future of Ammonia production, but heat loss is an issue for it that so far, can’t be reduced with what we know today†. The next thing we looked at was the catalyst in the current Haber-Bosch Process. Haber dwelled into Uranium but backed out of the idea because of the money, however with the advance we discussed in the study on catalytic effects it’s clear and hypothesises that there is a high possibility that in the future Ruthenium, osmium, uranium and cobalt-molybdenum can all be used in the synthesis of ammonia with a high yield in produce, which is being investigated currently. Advances in the Haber-Bosch Process are our best approach for the future, scientifically and economically, that is until thermodynamics are better understood. Appendix Summary of Le Chatelier’s Principle by www.ChemWiki.ucdavis.edu (1) If the concentration of a reactant is increased, the equilibrium position shifts to use up the added reactants by producing more products. (2) For gaseous reactions, gas pressure is related to the number of gas particles in the system; more gas particles means more gas pressure. Consider a reaction which is accompanied by decrease in number of moles, such as, ammonia synthesis (equation one). Increasing the pressure on this equilibrium system will result in the equilibrium position shifting to reduce the pressure, that is, to the side that has the least number of gas particles. (3) In an endothermic reaction, energy can be considered as a reactant of the reaction while in an exothermic reaction, energy can be considered as a product of the reaction. Consider an exothermic reaction which is accompanied by release of heat, such as ammonia synthesis (equation one). Reducing the temperature of this equilibrium system (which result in taking the heat away) will result in the equilibrium position shifting to increase the temperature (producing more heat), that is, to shift the equilibrium position to the right.

Software Piracy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Software Piracy Nowadays, software became part of our everyday life, running everything in the digital world from our PCs to the internet. It is definitely the most valuable technology of the Information age. Software is also the victim of a big problem that exists in homes, schools, businesses and government: Piracy. Copyright laws protect the intellectual property software developers, but unfortunately, not only did new technologies enhanced ways to access and distribute copyrighted work legally but also illegally. Software piracy is an illegal and unethical behavior that should be understood by everyone. It is important for us to understand what software piracy is in its variety, then realize its importance in the US and the world, and examining its causes and consequences and finally identify ways of dealing with it. Software Piracy is the unauthorized copying of software. Buying software applications differs from everything else you buy: the software does not belong to you; you become a licensed user, â€Å"you purchase the right to use the software on a single computer† (â€Å"What is Software Piracy?†). It is vital to understand that you cannot copy the software to other machines or lend the software to friends, colleagues or family. The unauthorized copying of software is illegal, it does not matter whether you call it â€Å"borrowing, copying, sharing or fair use† (â€Å"Software Piracy: What You Should Know.†). You are only allowed to make copies of software for back up purposes. Most licenses only allow the program to be run by one user on only one machine (â€Å"Software Piracy.†). There are several kinds of software piracy: End User Piracy, Client-Server Overuse, Internet Piracy, Hard-Disk Loading, and Software Counterfeiting. End... ...ss Technology Network. March 20th, 2004 http://www.techweb.com/tech/opinion_mad/20021220_mad â€Å"Software piracy takes toll on global scale.† USA today website. March 20th, 2004 http://www.usatoday.com/tech/techreviews/2001-08-01-software-piracy.htm â€Å"Focus on Software Piracy Problem.† Wired website. March 20th, 2004 http://www.wired.com/news/linux/0,1411,58306,00.html â€Å"Legal Land Mines† By: Melymuka, Kathleen. Computerworld, 9/22/2003, Vol. 37 Issue 38, p37, 2p, 1c â€Å"Many Students Use Software Without Paying For It† By: Carlson, Scott. Chronicle of Higher Education, 10/3/2003, Vol. 50 Issue 6, pA30, 1/4p â€Å"Pay Now, or Pay Big Later† By: Kruger, Robert M. Design News, 12/1/2003, Vol. 58 Issue 18, p20, 2/3p â€Å"Pirate This Page† By: Erickson, Jonathan. Dr. Dobb's Journal: Software Tools for the Professional Programmer, Sep2003, Vol. 28 Issue 9, p8, 1p Software Piracy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays Software Piracy Nowadays, software became part of our everyday life, running everything in the digital world from our PCs to the internet. It is definitely the most valuable technology of the Information age. Software is also the victim of a big problem that exists in homes, schools, businesses and government: Piracy. Copyright laws protect the intellectual property software developers, but unfortunately, not only did new technologies enhanced ways to access and distribute copyrighted work legally but also illegally. Software piracy is an illegal and unethical behavior that should be understood by everyone. It is important for us to understand what software piracy is in its variety, then realize its importance in the US and the world, and examining its causes and consequences and finally identify ways of dealing with it. Software Piracy is the unauthorized copying of software. Buying software applications differs from everything else you buy: the software does not belong to you; you become a licensed user, â€Å"you purchase the right to use the software on a single computer† (â€Å"What is Software Piracy?†). It is vital to understand that you cannot copy the software to other machines or lend the software to friends, colleagues or family. The unauthorized copying of software is illegal, it does not matter whether you call it â€Å"borrowing, copying, sharing or fair use† (â€Å"Software Piracy: What You Should Know.†). You are only allowed to make copies of software for back up purposes. Most licenses only allow the program to be run by one user on only one machine (â€Å"Software Piracy.†). There are several kinds of software piracy: End User Piracy, Client-Server Overuse, Internet Piracy, Hard-Disk Loading, and Software Counterfeiting. End... ...ss Technology Network. March 20th, 2004 http://www.techweb.com/tech/opinion_mad/20021220_mad â€Å"Software piracy takes toll on global scale.† USA today website. March 20th, 2004 http://www.usatoday.com/tech/techreviews/2001-08-01-software-piracy.htm â€Å"Focus on Software Piracy Problem.† Wired website. March 20th, 2004 http://www.wired.com/news/linux/0,1411,58306,00.html â€Å"Legal Land Mines† By: Melymuka, Kathleen. Computerworld, 9/22/2003, Vol. 37 Issue 38, p37, 2p, 1c â€Å"Many Students Use Software Without Paying For It† By: Carlson, Scott. Chronicle of Higher Education, 10/3/2003, Vol. 50 Issue 6, pA30, 1/4p â€Å"Pay Now, or Pay Big Later† By: Kruger, Robert M. Design News, 12/1/2003, Vol. 58 Issue 18, p20, 2/3p â€Å"Pirate This Page† By: Erickson, Jonathan. Dr. Dobb's Journal: Software Tools for the Professional Programmer, Sep2003, Vol. 28 Issue 9, p8, 1p

Plantation Mistress Essay

In the book, â€Å"Plantation Mistress† (Clinton, 1984) by author Catherine Clinton, it seems that Clinton desires to express her disapproval for the manner in which women were treated so harshly.   She talks about maids brought to our country during the year 1620 and in Clinton’s writing, it is extremely interesting how she gathered her information for this book from letters that were written so many years ago, and even from diaries, suggesting that women from that ancient time period weren’t treated as equals in the deep South and in this slave era and time in our history, the author relays to her readers that there is evidence that cruelty did take place toward women and practices such as using females as workhorses shouldn’t have been acceptable in any time period. Also, many of these women referred to as mistresses weren’t taken care of properly and didn’t even receive the necessary and basic essentials, such as proper toiletries or fo od. They were treated like second class citizens and weren’t considered as good as men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We gather a   new appreciation for maids as we read Clinton’s writing and feel regret for those who had to suffer because of neglect and misunderstanding. Clinton teaches us that all humans were created as equals and all women and the slaves from that same time period were regarded less than human.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It’s interesting to be able to read some of those old letters that were written so many years ago so that we have a greater appreciation for women who lived on these plantations in the deep South.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REFERENCE PAGE Clinton, Catherine. (1984). Plantation Mistress. Pantheon.

phi 120 Essay

phi 120 Essay phi 120 Essay Chinh Quynh Do Philosophy 120/D108 Professor Simon Pollon TA Brittany French June 23, 2015 Psychological Egoism: True or false? In the article Egoism and Moral Skepticism, James Rachels discusses and refutes two arguments in favor of psychological egoism. One of them is that human acts are only based on self-interest. Rachels refutes to this argument, which is the best argument against psychological egoism, by showing its weaknesses and using counter-evidence. He argues that human actions are not only based on their self-interest, but other motives. After reading this article, I totally agree with the author’s argument. According to the author James Rachels, psychological egoism is defined as the view that â€Å"all men are selfish in everything that they do, that is, that the only motive from which anyone ever acts is self-interest† (Rachels, 2010, p.75). However, before getting into the author’s argument, it is important to distinguish between â€Å"self-interest†, â€Å"selfish† and â€Å"unselfish†. Being â€Å"self-interest† is concerning for oneâ₠¬â„¢s own well-fare while â€Å"selfish† is considering for on one’s own well-being, personal profit and pleasure and ignoring others’ interests. â€Å"Unselfishness† is on the other hand, caring for others more than yourself. An unselfish person carries an act that can benefit both him/her and others. Unselfish people are willing to put the needs of others before their own needs. In the article, supporters of psychological egoism argue that even an act is described as voluntary action, â€Å"the agent is merely doing what he most wants to do† which means that all people acts are from the motive of self-interest (Rachel, 2010, p.75). Rachels gives a hypothetical example of Smith, a man who decides to stay behind to help his friend study instead of traveling to a country that he really enjoys. Psychological egoists state that Smith forgoes his enjoyment because he likes to help his friend more than going to the country. Psychological egoists claim that it is impossible to be altruistic, and that all actions are only motivated by self-interest. If someone is helping others, it is just because he/she can achieve something or benefit from that act. However, Rachels disagrees with this argument. He opposes the claim in two ways. Firstly, he provides two classes of actions. One class of action is that not all voluntary actions are selfish, we do undesira ble actions to achieve something in the end, such as going to the dentist in order to stop a toothache or working to get paid. The second class is when we feel under an obligation or a duty to do something, such as keeping a promise. In fact, people don’t voluntarily do what they most want to do. They act for its end results, and they have a sense of obligation. Rachels’s arguments are rational for people’s acts are not always selfish in nature, but they are done by multiple of motives. Further, Rachels claims that the object of desire is the key point. Helping others because you want to do it is not selfish. Psychological egoism has a misunderstanding of selfishness and unselfishness. A person acts selfishly only if that action benefits him/her and doesn’t care for other individuals’ interests. Donating money to charity because you want to is unselfish, but keeping all donated

Ode to the West Wind is a Plea for Poetic Inspiration essays

Ode to the West Wind is a Plea for Poetic Inspiration essays With "Ode to the West Wind," Percy Bysshe Shelley presents a poetic prayer filled with musical metaphors and themes of death, rebirth, inspiration, and liberation. The poem possesses dynamic language to convey the formidable forces of the West Wind, an autumnal energy "whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven," (2-3). The leaves refer not only to the literal leaves off trees but also to leaves of paper, on which Shelley conveys his messages to the world. "Ode to the West Wind" is largely a plea for both personal and universal transformation. The West Wind transforms the natural world, killing off all that is dead and decaying and making room for the "sweet buds" of Spring and the New Year (11). So too can the "breath of Autumn's being" drive Shelley's "dead thoughts over the universe," (63). Through his poetry, and renewed and revitalized by universal energy, Shelley hopes to awaken and enlighten a sleeping world. Musical metaphors link with the central images of wind and air, for Shelley refers exclusively to wind-dependent instruments: the lyre, the clarion, and the trumpet. Moreover, the poet ends the first three sections with a plea, "oh hear!" "Ode to the West Wind" evokes and lauds the West Wind as a tangible and ephemeral force affecting the both the natural world and the In the first section of the ode, Shelley refers to "winged seeds" which "lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave," (7-8). Winged seeds signify airborne potency, new life and rebirth, as seeds contain the blueprint for new life and their wings carry them through the air onto new soil. Seeds are born from flowers nearing decay; carried by the wind they float and fall, finding their way into organic graves beneath the ground. There they lie like corpses in a cold, dark womb of earth. Experiencing a symbolic death, the seeds hearken to the clarion call of spring, which awakens a ...

Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Poem - Essay Example In the poem he expresses his emotions and grief for his son, he says goodbye to his son and wishes that he had never been a father to him because of the grief he feels, but he also mentions and suggests that he should also be feeling happy because his son has escaped the worries of the world and he lives now in heaven. If talked about the structure of this poem, it can be said that the poem is clearly a meditation of his thought; it is an elegy, a poem written on the death of his son. It expresses sorrow about the death of his loved one. About the structure of his poem, it can be said that it is written in heroic couplets with rhyming iambic pentameters, it is developed in rhyming couplets with each line in pentameters. It is important to mention that despite the strong adherence, the poem conveys strong emotions and feelings. Jonson use of language and imagery in this poem is also unique; he creates a metaphor of his son having been lent to him by god so that he pays him back on the named day. The image he represents in the poem is powerful; he considers the seven years he spent with his son as a gift from his god. Death is represented as a state that a man should envy because Jonson thinks that man is safe from the misery of the world (Hager 224). Thus, to conclude it can be said that Jonson had used strong portrayal of imagery and metaphors in this poem which connects with his strong representation of feelings and emotions. He rejoices the feeling that is developed after his son’s death because according to him it is the state where a man is away from worldly worries and

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 60

History - Essay Example after submitting to both William and Mary on 13Th February 1689, it later acted as a skeleton meant to draft the bill of rights though there was the elimination of some articles. This was American-Germany immigrant residing in New York between 1697 and 1746. During his career as a printer, Zenger found himself in a tussle with the then Governor, William Cosby after agreeing to print New York weekly Journal. The newspaper’s intention entailed to expose governor’s injustice and tyrannical conduct after disagreeing with Lewis Morris before eventually eliminating him from the bench of chief justices. Zenger due to his involvement in this mission though innocent, the governor ordered his arrest and eventually his case determined unjustly to silent him. However, his determination and defense by Andrew Hamilton led to the freedom of the press, which was a key contribution towards attaining of people’s privileges. This was offense punishable by English law due to the delinquent’s act of verbalizing, publishing or writing statements meant to arouse hatred against the Queen or her heirs, regime and the constitution. The three terms’ core intention encompassed paving way meant for the attainment of Bill of Rights. This is via pressurizing the then colonizing English power yield to the citizens’ demands. Mainly, this is via refuting dehumanizing laws that undermined the then people’s dignity. The terms also characterized varied events and issues that prompted people to agitate for their privileges, hence being essential in attainment of their liberty. The term refers to a global conflict era that existed during 18Th period involving the then two powerful states supported by their lesser allies. These influential states comprised of France and Britain, whereby the core aim was to safeguard colonial interests and augment their economic stability. This was via annexing other global states with the intent of ensuring a constant flow of raw materials for their