Drugs and Crime- The Media's Influence-repost Personal Statement

Drugs and Crime- The Media's Influence-repost - Personal Statement Example According to Morgan, the freedom of media need regulation in order to meet the needs of the citizenry, which requires impartial, justice and fairness (46). The misrepresentation of facts is a crime and the media should be accountable for false information. This is because the misrepresentation of facts is a civil misdeed, which may lead to defamation and other damages on the part of the defendant. The media should discourage drugs, instead of the media applying double standards in a bid to save the image of celebrities like Bieber. The media should take the initiative to enlighten the public, especially the youth, on the side effects of misuse of drugs. This will serve as a deterrent measure of the prevalence of drug misuse, which leads to road carnage and other social evils. The media can make use of advertisements and other form of media outlets in the dissemination of information on the effects of misuse of drugs (Morgan 67). Information is power and it can help the decision making process of the vulnerable populace especially the youth population. The media should not be allowed to be part of any criminal proceedings with regard to drugs and crime. This will ensure that justice is administered without undue

Patch Adamas Essay Example for Free

Patch Adamas Essay Hunter Adams got his nickname â€Å"Patch† when he helped a patient in the mental institution. I admired how he tried to behave like the patients do so that he can attend to their needs and to reach out to them. This is almost similar to what Jesus did, he became human in order for us to understand Him and for us to be saved. From then on, he realized that he wanted to help people. He became enlightened that his purpose is to serve other people and that is what he wanted to do. After sometime, he enrolled himself into a medical school wherein he believed that the doctor’s role is not to prevent death but to improve the quality of life. His way of improving the quality of life of the patients is by addressing to their needs and making them happy. I was deeply moved when he acted out as a clown in the pediatrics ward where mostly children diagnosed with cancer belongs. As I have observed, when Patch entered the ward, the children were sad and unenergetic but when Patch did his hilarious moves that would surely make the children laugh out loud, the room was filled with joy and laughter. The mood became light and happy. Some of the children even jump up and down their beds with glee. It came to the point where Patch wanted to build a hospital that uses humor to heal pain and suffering, where joy is a way of life, learning is the highest aim and love is the ultimate goal. At first it goes well but then things got complicated when Carin died. Patch almost lose hope and abandon the hospital but as he reflected on it, he got back on his foot again and continue on what Carin would have wanted him to do, and that is to serve other people. I like the way he defines what a doctor is. A doctor is someone who helps someone else. There are times when I think of myself as a doctor and one of the questions that always pops into my mind is that â€Å"What if my patient dies? † He made me realize that we should not be afraid of death. He made me realize that a doctor’s mission is not to prevent death but to improve the quality of life. We can learn many things even on the most ordinary random stuff. In his case, he learned a lot not only through his professors but also to the people around him, the nurses and especially the patients. We should not just quest for our grades instead we must really keep the things that we learn in our minds and most importantly in our hearts.

Excellence in Engineering Education :: Education Engineer Educating Essays

How should we describe the excellent engineer and what kind of education is demanded by such a person? Several issues are involved. One of these is the character of our times; that is, the best engineer out of the "science engineering" model of the 1950s may have little value in the early 21st Century. Another issue is the concept of education. How do education and training differ and how is excellence achieved? Finally, clearly, there is the issue of what we would expect of an engineer who is truly excellent. Fortunately for us, ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) seeks to define the excellent engineer and the excellent engineering program by outlining a number of criteria that should be met by any accredited program in engineering education. It is important to note, at the outset, that ABET begins with an overarching criterion that "engineering programs must prepare graduates for the practice of engineering at a professional level." (My emphasis) This must mean something more than mere vocational training. As a professional, the engineer must exercise considerable autonomy and use intelligent individual judgment. The professional engineer can be no mere employee; he/she must become a partner in the development of technology. By its very nature a professional partnership involves certain viewpoints, methods, and standards developed by the community of professionals, who have common interests and objectives, and these must stand independent of those who would employ o r otherwise seek the service of these professionals. Three of the five criteria developed by ABET recognize aspects of the educational institution that, I suspect, all will agree with without much hesitation. Students of high quality must be attracted and served well. Faculty of high quality must be attracted and retained. Educational objectives must be stated clearly and publicly; some form of evaluation must be in place to assure that these objectives are achieved. The one worrisome aspect of the new ABET criteria is what appears to be an overwhelming emphasis on quantitative assessment, phrased in terms of outcomes. While it is one thing to plan for and hope for significant outcomes, it is another to expect that genuinely desirable outcomes will always be so "objective" that quantitative assessment is remotely possible. At the very least, there should be some allowance for the obvious fact that certain outcomes take longer than others to be realized. It is true, of course, that the longer an outcome takes, the more complex are the f actors that contribute to it.

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Its Influence on Society Essay

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Its Influence on Society The German political philosopher and revolutionary, Karl Marx is best known for his radical concepts of society. His socialist views are best seen in his work Communist Manifesto. As one of the most influential thinkers of all times, he was able to convey revolutionary ideas in a manner that all could understand. Due to its comprehendible nature and usefulness to the people of his time this document was widely popular among commoners of the Nineteenth Century. In fact some historians refer to the Manifesto as the first systematic statement about modern socialism the world has ever seen. Powerful language and fueled by desires for better standards of living this great historical document forever changed the world. The Manifesto has been a major influence in all-communist literature since its publication in 1848. Translated in many languages and published in hundreds of millions of copies the piece has spurred wars, massacres, and countless protests. The Communist Manifesto was written as a response to a cold hard world, and ever since then the world has been responding to it with rejection and praise. The works of Karl Marx have influenced and inspired millions of lives throughout human history. 1 During the Nineteenth century when Marx and Engels created The Communist Manifesto, the bourgeois rejected their work, yet it was openly accepted by thousands of proletariats. The immediate response was not only found in Marx’s true followers, members of the Communist League. These people strongly supported and believed in the ideals of socialism. The central idea at the heart of the Communist Manifesto was Marx theory of histo... ...ited: 1 Attack on Capitalism ( Waterloo: Canada and the World, 1999). 19-22. 2 â€Å"Karl Marx† 3 March 2002. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUmarx.htm (16 April 2002). 3 â€Å"Friedrich Engels.† 26 February 2002. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUengels.htm (16 April 2002). 4 Rich Kuhn. â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party 1848.† 13 December 1999. http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html (16 April 2002). 5 Gerhard Rempel. â€Å"War Communism.† http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/WarCom.html (16 April 2002). 6 Mathew White. â€Å"30 Worst Atrocities of The 20TH Century.† June 2000. http://www.plaza.interport.net/mwhite28/Proportionality (16 April 2002). 7 Gilman, Antonio. The Communist Manifesto, 150 Years Later. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Native Title Law Reform Australia Essay

Mabo and others v State of Queensland (No.2 (1992) HCA 23, is arguably one of the most famous native title claims in Australian history. This case was the first in Australian history to successfully overturn Terra Nullius and essentially led to the creation of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (‘The Act’). Terra nullius means land belonging to no one or land that has never been subject to sovereignty of any state and is a part of International Law. The majority of Indigenous People view terra nullius in a negative way, as this term had been used as a means for justifying invasion or takeovers of traditional land. The result of terra –nullius on ATSI (Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders) meant that they have suffered countless wrong doings and injustice towards them. ATSI were not seen as official Australian citizens according to the law until 1967. This meant the law offered no protection of basic human rights or land rights resulting in large losses of spiritually significant land. The first case to take legal action over land rights was the 1971 Gove land rights case. The Yolngu people took legal action against Nabalco Mining Company in the Northern territory Supreme Court. The Yolngu people claimed that Nabalco Mining were illegally mining on their land (the Gove peninsula) without approval. However a number of set backs were encountered such as terra nullius not allowing for native title and the Doctrine of Reception which effectively outlined that once a country (in this case Britain) has colonized a territory, that country’s law now automatically applies, overruling any previous laws that were once in place. For the Yolngu people this unfortunately meant that their claim was rejected in 1971 (by Justice Blackburn) as the Australian legal system did not have to abide by Native Yolngu land laws. This caused further cultural divide between the Indigenous customary law and the English legal system. â€Å"Native title is the right of Indigenous people to their traditional land.†(Cambridge Legal Studies, preliminary, pg 98). The English legal system had a very different approach when it came to property rights, Aboriginal Peoples divided land according to the amount of space needed to provide for a large number of people in accordance to how much food there was available in that area, for example clans living near coastal regions  need far less space to find food than a clan living in the outback as food there is few and far between, this is how land was divided. Were in contrast to the English system we see individual property rights Eddie Mabos lifelong battle for social, human and land rights for the Torres Straight People is an admirable one still remembered today as the first successful claim of Native Title and the first overturning of terra nullius. The Doctrine of reception made the challenge of proving traditional ownership even more difficult unlike past cases such as the 1971 Gove land rights case. Murray Island was different Murray Island had distinct borders; it also had a mythical God called Malo (pronounced Mare). Malo is the source of Meriam heritage and culture. Malo can be seen as a form of Common Native Law. Land ownership, responsibilities; religious beliefs and ritual dances were all covered within Malo law providing the groundwork of an affective case against the state of Queensland. Malo has existed for as long as the Island and its Native People and was therefore a valid piece of evidence in both Mabo cases. Eddie Mabo was able to prove that land was passed down from father to son, generation to generation thanks to Malos law and tribal dances. â€Å"Malo, or Bomai, which is his secret and more sacred name, established the laws which decreed that clans must keep to their own paths, ‘swim with their own kind’, sow their lands and conserve the seas. – From Malo – Bomai topic in Mabo – The Native Title Revolution. The affective criterion for achieving justice involves a number of elements each being interdependent of one another and only when used as a whole can are they of any good affect. When assessing the effectiveness of Native Title Law Reform fairness, equality, access and efficiency need to be considered. As fairness has been a large issues of concern for Aboriginal People in the Past, Civil disputes involving Aboriginal land rights certainly begs the questions of who is at fault? When taking legal action for Native Title claims the plaintiff must prove that they owned the land previously and are therefore entitled to claim it. Burden of proof has not been fair in this situation as the Traditional Land was not received lawfully but was taken from underneath them without a leg to stand on. Therefore if this system were to be fair than it should be up to the owners  of the land to prove they came by the land in agreement with Traditional Indigenous Owners. The second issue is equality. Equality is difficult to achieve as the law can lead to injustice if everyone is treated the same. Disadvantaged people may include, Indigenous and Torres Straight Islanders, young, economically disadvantaged and the elderly, the same may be applied to access. And finally efficiency, efficiency means weighing up the cost of achieving a goal for example financial cost, time, and human resources all add up and if the cost outweighs the result than that in some cases can be seen as a negative result. In conclusion steps to repairing past damage and injustice inflicted upon the Aboriginal And Torres Straight Islander People are progressing yet it is still unbelievably difficult for ATSI people to claim any compensation thanks to large disadvantages in all aspects of the law. Resources are costly and access can be difficult for some people in their situation therefore they are still being put second best in the eyes of the law and Justice has not been achieved for the ATSI people meaning that although Native Title Law Reform is a step in the right direction we still have a very long way to go before true equality is reached. Reference list: AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER, 2008 The native title revolution, Australian Government, Canberra, accessed 11 May 2014, . Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, Social Justice Reports, 1994-2009 http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/ and Native Title Reports, 1994-2009 High Court of Australia – The Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland & Ors; The Thayorre People v The State of Queensland & Ors [1996] HCA 40 (23 December 1996) Mabo – Native Title revolution 2000, Film Australia, Pdf, accessed 11 May 2014, . Social Justice and Human Rights Issues: The Global Perspective, 2010 Charles Sturt University, accessed 11 May 2014, . National Native title Tribunal, 2013 Australian Government, accessed 8 May 2014, . The High Court Recognition of Native Title – The Mabo Judgment and Its Implications, 2012 Treaty Republic, accessed 9 May 2014, .

Rope-a-Dope and International Affairs

Rope-a-Dope and International Affairs Rope-a-Dope and International Affairs Rope-a-Dope and International Affairs By Maeve Maddox The other day I began listening to an interview between NPR’s Scott Simon and Dennis Ross, a member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. My attention was stopped cold by this sentence in Simon’s opening remarks: I apologize for using a sports analogy, but what about the chances that this might be the rope-a-dope strategy for Iran? I don’t know how I’ve managed to go so long without encountering this expression, but I hadn’t a clue as to what Simon meant by â€Å"the rope-a-dope strategy.† The expression originated in 1974 when the boxer Muhammad Ali introduced the tactic in his fight with George Foreman. Besides its use to describe a boxing maneuver, apparently the expression is commonly used in political writing. My only excuse for remaining ignorant of it for so long is that my interest in politics is on a par with my interest in sports. Neither the OED nor Merriam-Webster Unabridged has an entry for â€Å"rope-a-dope,† but I found this definition at the free online Oxford Dictionaries: rope-a-dope noun: (US informal) A boxing tactic of pretending to be trapped against the ropes, goading an opponent to throw tiring ineffective punches. The expression has been applied to the delaying tactics favored by Iran at least since 2006: Many fear that the Iranians are engaged in a game of â€Å"rope-a-dope,† absorbing our best efforts to stop their nuclear program while buying time to get themselves over the nuclear know-how threshold. –US Senate report, 2006 One problem with using sports analogies in general reporting is that not all readers are familiar with them. Another is that the writers who use the expressions may not use them to mean the same thing. And a third is that the more such an expression is used, the more the original meaning is likely to shift. These seem to be the most common interpretations of â€Å"the rope-a-dope strategy†: -provoking an opponent to energy-wasting rage -pretending to be weaker than one is -distracting an opponent from one’s true purpose -employing delaying tactics In the case of Iran, â€Å"rope-a-dope† equates to â€Å"delaying tactics†: delaying tactics: an action or strategy designed to defer or postpone something in order to gain an advantage for oneself. For the sake of sports-challenged listeners, Simon could have said, â€Å"What about the chances that this might be a delaying tactic on the part of Iran?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant Names"Latter," not "Ladder"10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

Understand Inappropriate Behavior, Suggestions for Teachers

Understand Inappropriate Behavior, Suggestions for Teachers Teachers confront bad or inappropriate behavior from students all the time. This may range from calling out answers to teasing to physical aggressiveness. And some students seem to thrive on getting a rise out of teachers with challenges to authority. Its important for teachers to understand the roots of these kinds of behaviors so as not to perpetuate or exacerbate them. Here are some fundamental ways to frame everyday inappropriate behaviors. The Importance of Interventions With so many students in classrooms these days, its tempting for a teacher to simply let poor behavioral choices go and spend as much time as possible teaching the lesson. But in the long term, this is not the wisest choice. While there are behaviors that, while poor, are age-appropriate (speaking out of turn, difficulties sharing materials, etc.), remember the message that accepting unacceptable behaviors sends to the student. Instead, use positive behavioral intervention strategies (PBIS) to  positively influence and curb the behavior in the classroom. Age-appropriate or no, inappropriate behaviors that disrupt the classroom will only get worse when we excuse them. Its important to take the time for interventions. Where Does Inappropriate Behavior Come From? It may be hard to understand where a students poor choices come from. Remember that behavior is communication, and students are trying to send a message with every action taken in the classroom. Four typical reasons for inappropriate behavior are: Seeking attention.  When a child cant get your attention, hell often act out to get it. Taking revenge. If for some reason a  child doesnt feel loved and seeks revenge for attention, she will feel important when she hurts others or hurts the feelings of others. Displaying power.  These children need to be the boss. They only feel important when they are the boss.  Power struggles  may be daily occurrences with these students.   Displaying feelings of inadequacy.  These children usually have low confidence and self-esteem levels and give up quickly, thinking they cant do anything. They often lack a sense of doing something successfully. Understand the origin of these behaviors and decoding their messages gives you an opportunity. Once youve determined the goal of the inappropriate behavior, you are much more equipped to turn it around. Confronting Inappropriate Behaviors The PBIS method of dealing with inappropriate behavior may not be as intuitive as the punitive model with which many of us were raised. But it makes its own logical sense when we consider, again, that behavior is communication. Can we really expect to show students that their behavioral choices are poor when we respond in the same manner? Of course not. Keep these key concepts in mind: Always show respect. When you give respect, youll get it- eventually!   Model the behavior you want to see at all times. Encourage the child, boost their self-esteem, convey that you care about them. Reward them with attention when acting appropriately. Never engage in power struggles. Dont get angry. Do not retaliate (even in passive-aggressive ways).Recognize that ALL inappropriate behaviors are communication: your student wants your attention. Help her get it the right way. Read more  about  specific interventions for a variety of behaviors.

Cross culture awareness for managers The WritePass Journal

Cross culture awareness for managers Introduction Cross culture awareness for managers IntroductionPower distance:Individualism:Masculinity:Uncertainty avoidance:Long Term Orientation:Universalism vs. Particularism:Individualism vs. Communitarianism:Neutral vs. Emotional:Specific vs. Diffuse:Achievement vs. Ascription:The Environment:References:Related Introduction â€Å"A Fish only discovers its need for water when it is no longer in it. Our own culture is like water to a fish. It sustains us. We live and breathe through it. What one may regard as essential, a certain level of material wealth for example, may not be so vital to other cultures.† (Trompenaars et al, 1999, p.20) To put it in simple term, culture is inclusive of the information, principles and awareness of the society. Demonstrate the different method of people who lives in various environments. With a wide range of approach in which cultural ideas are carried out. According to Ziauddin Sardar their features are as follows: Their aim is to carry out subjective study of cultural practices and how they are associated to control. It includes culture as both the object of study and the locations of political criticism and action. They are devoted to an ethical valuation of society and to political action (Olivier Serrat,   2008). â€Å"A value is a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of actions.† Values are feelings with arrows to them,i.e. it has a plus and minus pole. Hofstede, G (2003) A culture is adjusted in the direction of history and the future is the repetition of the   history. Culture primarily directed to the present does not involve past or future. individuals are directly relate it with   demands of everyday life. (Provenmodel, 2005) Past events of culture does not affect the future prospects of culture. Efficient  Ã‚   way of interacting with the people in other countries, we should look into its deep roots on different cultures as per Geert Hofstede.   Well understanding and its implication, the data will reduce concern and frustration. Apart   from the Geert Hofstede will give you ‘edge of understanding’ which convert to more flourishing results. Below mentioned are the five dimensions: (Luciara N and Richard S, 2009) Power distance: It is true to say that the less developed and low powerful associates believe that power is dispersed unequally. (Provenmodel, 2005) Individualism: The true face of nature is that the people in the society are selfish, i.e. they are concerned for themselves and the family members only. (Provenmodel, 2005) Masculinity: The leading communal values are success, money, and things. (Provenmodel, 2005) Uncertainty avoidance: Nature is place where uncertainty happens, so the individuals living in that society are feared by the unhappening scenarios and feels that it is wise to avoid such scenarios. (Provenmodel, 2005) Long Term Orientation: It represents the values like economy, determination, and conventional value of social obligations. (Provenmodel, 2005) Trompenaar and   Hampden –Turner gathered data over 10 years   using a process that   relied on generous   respondents   , predicament   or distinct tendencies. Here the problem consisted of two options which are mentioned as follow:- (Anonymous , N.D. ) Universalism vs. Particularism: Universalism is the ideas/practices which can be applied everywhere, high universalism countries and these are close adhere to business contracts while particularism are those circumstances which dictate how ideas/practices apply; high particularism countries often modify contracts. (Provenmodel, 2005) Individualism vs. Communitarianism: In Individualism, people as individuals and countries with high individualism are included, and are stress personal and individual matters which assumes great personal responsibility. On the other hand, in communitarianism public look upon selves as part of group and value group-related issues and take committee decisions for which they are joint responsibility. (Provenmodel, 2005) Neutral vs. Emotional: Neutral: culture in which emotions not shown. In high neutral countries, people maintain serenity. While in emotional, emotions are shown in open and they act as they are, i.e. they don’t behave in different way, they behave naturally. (Provenmodel, 2005) Specific vs. Diffuse: In Specific, huge public areas are used by many while small areas are looked after closely. In Diffuse, public and private areas are   similar in size wherein public areas are guarded as it is common with the private areas. (Provenmodel, 2005) Achievement vs. Ascription: In Achievement culture, it doesn’t matter who does it, what matters is how is it done (job, performance, etc.) while Ascription culture is truly based on who does it and what is done. (Provenmodel, 2005) Time:- In simple way, it means the whether the role is done one by one or all the things are done together. Sequential means that the activity is conducted in a series or pattern wherein the line of performance is pre decided. Synchronous means all things are done together, i.e. multi tasking. The last method is present v/s future. (Provenmodel, 2005) The Environment: Inner-directed people believes in control of outcomes while Outer-directed people are opposite to them.(Provenmodel, 2005) Let us see the comparison between Hofstede and Trompenaars which are out of seven dimensions of Trompenaars, two are closely reflected in Hofstede’s   dimensions. Also there is a practical similarity between their communitarians value orientation. Trompenaars and hofstede’s studies are not entirely similar, Hofstede’s power index is related to how the status is accorded and to the power distance that is acceptable with the society, while Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner has not discussed anything about power distance. Trompenaars achievement value orientation is related to Hofstede’s power distance index. Which shows that status is accorded not by achievement but by the nature, this gives greater acceptability to power distances. Trompenaars other dimensions seem to focus on the feelings, and the extent to which they are expressed. Thus it only focuses on the behavioural aspect, not on the value. Trompenaar’s universalism value orientation holds relationships above the rules, which appears to relate to hofstede’s uncertainty avoidance dimension and also to collectivist dimension to some extent. Trompenaars specific value orientation is not identical to any of the Hofstede’s dimensions. However, human time relationship and Hall’s polychromatic and monochromic time perceptions are quite similar to each other. There is also a similarity in their findings. For eg. according to them, india and japan are weak as far as individualism is concerned, on thte other hand UK, Denmark and USA are comparatively individualistic. According to Hogget’s and Luthans, the difference between the two studies is due to the difference in time frames in which they were conducted. Thus, Hofstede’s findings are becoming outdated. For eg. mexico’s step towards   being global, can be taken as a moving away from its communitarian values. According to Trompenaars findings, communist countries that is   Hungary, Russia and CrechRepublic are quite individualistic, with a communist past. According to Trompenaars, UK and the North America have egalitarian cultures, while, Spain and France are Hierarchical. As per Hofstede’s research spain and france are high when it comes to power distance as compared to UK and the North Ammerica. Trompnaars and Hofsdete hold different views about Germany. According to the former, Germany’s corporate culture is hierarchical, while the latter considers Germany as low in terms of power distance. Trompenaars research is extensive, he has examined corporate cultures in terms of nationality, for which he introduced another dimension named equality versus hierarchy. Now contrasting the two approaches   of the Geert Hofstede , dutch   expert and Fons trompenaars Charles   Hampden-Turner. The findings   and studies of Geert hofstede and Fons Trompenaars have been adopted by many businesses, for the purpose of understanding the differences in individual and organizational cultures across the globe. Other   anthropologists, sociologist have grave misgivings and are   important for analysis used by Hofstede. Hofstede’s 5 dimensions have a strange similarity to national character studies that were conducted in 1940’s and WW II on which intensive research was carried out by researchers, the research was spoilt and was not of any use because it was prone to bias and simply created sterotypes of other cultures. Hofstede and trompenaars work should not be associated with WW ii studies, except the fact that lessons learnt from the past should be remembered. In the current state of affairs, anthropologists might be uncomfortable in popping down the trap of understanding the culture to â€Å"5 dimensions of culture† which can be notched up. (Hassoun R, 2006) Similarly, Trompenaars and Turner have framed a seven dimensions model, which   can be taken as varying from the idea of reducing cultural dimensions. Culture, as defined by most anthropologists is that which is adapted and passed to next generations and the structure through which the world is viewed cannot be condensed into a set of simplistic parameters. (Hassoun R, 2006) The Anthropological have looked into the model given by Hofstede and Trompenaars and Turner. But the point to be noted here is that in the anthropological technique concentrated on an overall knowledge of cultures and the sub-cultures. The problem could occur in anthropological approach which will be like raising cultural proficiency in a small guidance wherein the psychological pattern for understanding cultural complexity matters a lot and have significant affect on it. When the guidance which is provided gets completed, it takes bit more time to know the real competency which itself is also a as a procedure. It is very realistic to know that there is desperate need to be patient with good listening skills and open mindedness to grasp the knowledge of different culture which will then guide to know cultural competency. (Hassoun R, 2006) The personal features on the behaviour was not identified by both, Hofstede and Trompenaars. The dimensions of their theories has bifurcation on cultures but what they failed to know and provide guidance was that how to work with some specific cultures. Apart from this, no declaration could be placed ahead that the seven dimensions were the only one and the list was full. Authors such as including Ohmae (Borderless World) and Levitt (Globalisation of Markets) didn’t went ahead with the thing that there is need for different companies to admit there is no similarity in cultures of countries in which they operate (which was said by Trompenaars and Hofstede), rather they said that the world is one and is not filled with different cultures and different countries. (ProvenModel 2005) It is imperative for every manager that he has an understanding of the different cultures. Managers who are more successful their values seem to favour dynamic, pragmatic and achievement – oriented, along with this they believe in interacting with others. On the other hand, managers who are less successful have passive and static values; and are relatively inactive in interacting with others. Cultural competency is focuses on promoting self – confidence of individuals and the teams, this can be achieved through empowerment and by breaking down barriers. A person with interculturally effective skills has attributes which are discussed below:He has the skill of communicating with people of different cultures in a manner that earns them trust and respect.He has the ability to adapt his managerial and technical skills in a way that fits in well with the local constraints and the local conditions.He has the ability to change personally so that he has mental peace, is content and at ease in the mass culture References: Olivier serrat (2008) Cultural theory   [Internet] Available from : adb.org/Documents/Information/Knowledge-Solutions/Culture-Theory.pdf[Accessed on 19th March 2011]. Hofstede, G. (1994) Uncommon Sense About Organisation 1st Edition USA. Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture  Ã‚   [internet] Available from: http://wallaby.vu.edu.au/adt-VVUT/uploads/approved/adt-VVUT20080910.150544/public/04chapter3.pdf [Accessed on 19th March 2011]. Proven Model (2005).   Seven dimensions of culture [Internet] Available from: provenmodels.com/580/seven-dimensions-of-culture/charles-hampden-turnerfons-trompenaars/ [ Accessed on 19th March 2011] Ananymous   , n.d. Home and Host Country determinants of International Bank Entry [internet] Available from: scribd.com/doc/43918450/Factors-Affecting-International-Bank-Entry[Accessed on 20th March 2011]. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Luciara N and Richard S, (2009).The   cultural theory jungle:divergence and convergence   in models of national culture. 1st edition  Ã‚   Cambridge ,Uk. Hassoun R, (2006) Intercultural/Cross-Cultural Training: Rejecting Hofstede and Trompenaars [internet] available from: goldfinchtraining.biz/hofstederejected.htmls [accessed on 19th march 2011].\ Titre F (2005) Cultural dimensions and social behavior correlates:Individualism-Collectivism and Power Distance. Journal of cultural Dimensions   18(1)   . Trompenaars et al (1999) (p.20)10. Hofstede, G (2003) Available from: Cultures consequences:  comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. SAGE. (pp. 5,6)

Discussion essay in anthropological topic Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion in anthropological topic - Essay Example The Homo habilis were the earliest of the genus Homo. The transition from Homo habilis to erectus came along with some cultural and physical changes (Grine & Fleagle, 2009).Their body size increased considerably, most likely due to the climate changes and a higher intake of protein from meat. Further, their body proportions were altered, arm length reduced, and the length of legs increased to mirror a more contemporary form of bipedalism. Homo erectus brains were larger reflecting greater intelligence, which enabled them to use refined tools or the Acheulian tools. Such tools were for scavenging and hunting. Homo erectus were the first species to move out of Africa, with their fossil remains discovered in Europe and Asia, showing that this migration came shortly after their first appearance. This can be dated between 1.8 million and a million B.C. They were capable of some speech, although not close to modern language and likely had no grammar. Generally, Homo erectus are often said to have existed until up to 250,000 B.C, and its fossils dated as late as 10,000 B.C. (Nunn, 2011). The species that existed between approximately 500,000 and after 100,000 B.C are referred to as â€Å"archaic Homo sapiens,† a transitional process from the Homo erectus. The â€Å"archaic Homo sapiens† existed in Africa, parts of Asia like China, and Germany and Belgium in Europe. They could deal with cold better that the rectus. Several names have been identified with these transitional forms, usually in relation to where the fossils were discovered. However, the Homo neanderthalensis or the Neanderthals who were the cold-adapted European varieties of the archaic Homo sapiens, were the dominant ones (Grine & Fleagle, 2009). The question of how precisely to classify the Neanderthals relates to the mater of whether they had the ability to interbreed with modern Homo sapiens. Thus, to refer to them as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis would

Marcating communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marcating communication - Essay Example To make IMC an ongoing successful process, Unilever needs to allocate funds for this purpose separately and ensure that it maintains reserves so that it can smoothly carry on with its promotional strategies. This would enable the company to run its promotional campaigns smoothly without suffering significant bottlenecks. Marketing communication has become one of the most important aspects that an organisation needs to pay attention to as adoption of proper marketing tools determines the success of the company and its long term sustainability in the industry as a whole. The art of communicating the features of a product to the customers determines whether the product would be an instant hit or would be killed in its early stage of its life cycle. Unilever is one of the leading company’s in the consumer goods market offering a host of products starting from consumer durables to personal care and food items. Being a large organisation with almost 400 well–established brands, the company has felt the increasing need of integrating the various tools of communication to reach its consumers at large and convince them to use their products. The company has adopted IMC approach to build its niche in the market. This has helped the company to steer its growth in the industry and attract increasing number of customers. Though IMC offers a host of advantages but it also has its own set of disadvantages. The company has estimated that it needs to adopt proper strategies in order to offset the demerits of IMC. To differentiate itself from its competitors, the company has adopted unique modes of communication and has designed its advertisements in such a way that it attracts increasing number of customers. This has made prod ucts of Unilever one of the most demanding amongst the customers across the globe Integrated Marketing

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Humanities - Essay Example St Augustine defines the original sin as the greatest manifestation of Man’s pride and disloyalty to God and expresses the need for reunion with God through Christ. He believes that Grace is the manifestation of God’s work through good works that human beings do. Therefore, he calls for Christians to submit completely to God for salvation. An analysis of the St Augustines confessions depicts God as a supernatural being, to whom all human beings should submit unconditionally. To begin with, St Augustine focused on the concept of the original sin that is crucial in the Christian. The original sin refers to the disobedience of Adam and Eve in the garden of Aden. On this, Augustine state that Adam’s sin is transmitted by the â€Å"hurtful desire† of human beings (Hollingworth 13-25). In literary works, he notes that the original sin is a manifestation of human disobedience of God because of human pride. He explains that the original sin resulted to the transformation of human beings, as the faced the consequences of their sins. Since Adam and Eve created nature through reproduction, it follows that all human beings carry the sin that their parents committed. This implies that all the descendants of Adam and Eve are born with the original sin. He uses a realistic approach to points out since the first parents are the root of humanity, then all those humanity inherited this sin from their parents. The belief that all humanity bears the original sin is widely accepted in the contemporary Christian community. Therefore, St Augustine’s conception of original sin in the medieval period has shaped modern Christianity. Next, St Augustine provides a detailed analysis of divine grace and the way it affects the lives of Christians. He states that human beings lack the ability to do good or even respond to the will of God without his divine intervention. To Augustine, Grace is the ability of human beings to do good acts that are in accordance with the will of

The Impact Of Employee Motivation On Organisational Performance (UK) Dissertation

The Impact Of Employee Motivation On Organisational Performance (UK) - Dissertation Example Different sampling techniques were used for both studies, which seemed best suited for the situation and type of study considering time and other limiting factors. Eleven dimensions were derived out of the semi–structured interviews and questions in the survey were based on these dimensions. Data obtained from questionnaires, on Likert scale from 1-5, was assessed by calculating summated scores and cumulative percentages of each dimension and total cumulative scores. In order to identify the core concern areas, Pareto analysis was performed. Three main dimensions captured more than 75% of dissatisfaction among employees. Analysis of scores obtained for each dimension reveals the significance of organisational procedures, practices and policies on employee motivation. Recommendations are proposed based on these findings, which can be practically implemented. Conclusions are drawn based on all findings and gaps that emerged during the research study have been proposed for future research. The cumulative scores from this research indicate average satisfaction among employees, which are comparable with average performance recorded by company. Table of Contents Chapter 1--An Overview 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Introduction to this research: a general impression 5 1.2.1 The need and means for employee motivation 5 1.2.2 Significance of employee motivation in organisational success 6 1.3. Background for this study 7 1.3.1 Rationale for this research 7 1.4 Aims and objectives 7 1.5 Hypotheses 8 1.6 Research Questions 8 1.7 Scope and Limitations 8 1.8 Summary 8 Chapter 2 --Literature review 10 2.1. Introduction 10 2.2. Theoretical perspectives on employee motivation 10 2.2.1 Theoretical standpoints 11 2.2.2. Other impressions on employee motivation 13 2.3 Types of motivation 14 2.4. Factors impacting motivation 15 2.5. Impact of employee motivation 16 2.6. Summary 17 Chapter 3 -- Methodology 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Research design 19 3.2.1 Semi-structured interv iews 20 3.2.2. Survey questionnaire and design 20 3.3 Population and sample size. 21 3.3.1 Semi structured interviews 21 3.3.2 Survey questionnaire 22 3.4 Data collection and method of assessment 22 3.4.1 Semi-structured interviews 23 3.4.2 Survey questionnaire 23 3.5 Validity, reliability and generalisability of the methods 24 3.5.1 Semi-structured interviews 24 3.5.2 Survey questionnaire 25 3.6 Ethical considerations 25 3.7 Reference to previous research 26 3.8 Summary 26 Chapter 4—Findings and Results 27 4.1. Introduction 27 4.2 Qualitative research : Findings and results 27 4.2.1. Semi-structured interviews with staff: findings and interpretations 27 4.2.2. Responses from supervisors/managers 29 4.3. Limitations of semi-structured interviews 33 4.4. Quantitative research: Findings and results 33 4.4.1 Hypothesis testing using Chi-square test 33 4.4.2. Percentage calculations 34 4.5 Pareto analysis 35 4.6. Summary 35 Chapter 5 -- Discussion. 35 5.1 Introduction 36 5.2 Retu rning to aims and objectives of this research 36 5.3 Hypotheses testing 36 5.4 Analysing qualitative and quantitative information 37 5.5 Pareto analysis 48 5.6. Summary 48 Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations 50 6.1 Introduction 50 6.2 Answers to research questions 50 6.3 Conclusions from overall research 51 6.4 Limitations and drawbacks of this research 51 6.5 Recommendations for supervisors/managers 52 6.6 Final conclusion and propositions for future research 53 Chapter 7 – References and Appendices 54 Chapter 1--An Overview 1.1 Introduction: This chapter presents an overview of the research to be

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Marketing - Essay Example The Star Furniture group has been able to establish an international presence with success, operating in countries such as Taiwan. The Star Living Mall is a retailer of the products manufactured by Star Furniture (Star Living, 2011). The Star Furniture group has created a unique shopping mall by making the Star Living Mall because of the one-stop furniture that it provides and the range of brands that it houses. The Mall not only specializes in furniture but also provides related services such as furnishing. The clientele of the Mall is primarily based in Singapore. There are four main branches of the Mall in Singapore, selling furniture ranging from that of living room and dining room to bedroom furniture. Moreover the Mall also showcases the four main retail brands of the Star Corporate Group including Mondi Lifestyle, Star Furniture and Zen Tradition (Get Singapore, 2011). Lucano is regarded as the high-end collection of the Star Furniture and has been able to establish itself as a unique brand in the country. The production of the Star Furniture is such that new products are brought in the market every four months. This helps to keep the brands fresh and up-to-date. Besides the four main brands that the Mall features, it also offers a store-in-store boutique that houses a number of brands specialising in the mattresses and beddings. This boutique, known as BEDz Store, along with the other brands featured, offers the customers a complete and comprehensive shopping practice (Star Living, 2011). The target market of the Mall is mostly Singaporeans. The myriad of brands that the Mall displays caters to a large segment of the population due to the fact that the products displayed have different price ranges. This makes the products affordable for the lesser income group. The customers can choose the products that meet their budgets and lifestyles (Get Singapore, 2011). The four brands that the Mall has cater to the four individual market segments that the brands have created in the years since their launch. Moreover the Mall promotes the brand image that the products are both stylish and functional. The target market of the Star Furniture group is the mass market of Singapore and Taiwan (Star Living, 2011). Question 1 (b) The Brand Asset Valuator (BAV) model is an important means of investigating the stature of a brand. The model was developed by Young & Rubicam in order to analyze the value of a brand by looking into the strengths and weaknesses of the brand. The model helps to measure both the stature of the brand as well as its durability. The underlying principle in the model is that these two components are able to draft an image of the brand equity while identifying problems and providing solutions (Iane, King & Russell, 2008). The model assumes that the brands are composed of a progression of four main consumer trends: differentiation, relevance, esteem and knowledge. Differentiation and relevance combine together to give rise to br and strength whereas esteem and knowledge are representative of the brand stature. Therefore the model helps to compare brand strength with its stature. The brand stature shows the current strength of the brand; on the other hand, brand strength shows the capacity of the brand to progress and grow. When analyzing the Star Living Mall, by the Star Furniture group, one has to take into consideration these four factors to establish brand equity.

The Impact Of Employee Motivation On Organisational Performance (UK) Dissertation

The Impact Of Employee Motivation On Organisational Performance (UK) - Dissertation Example Different sampling techniques were used for both studies, which seemed best suited for the situation and type of study considering time and other limiting factors. Eleven dimensions were derived out of the semi–structured interviews and questions in the survey were based on these dimensions. Data obtained from questionnaires, on Likert scale from 1-5, was assessed by calculating summated scores and cumulative percentages of each dimension and total cumulative scores. In order to identify the core concern areas, Pareto analysis was performed. Three main dimensions captured more than 75% of dissatisfaction among employees. Analysis of scores obtained for each dimension reveals the significance of organisational procedures, practices and policies on employee motivation. Recommendations are proposed based on these findings, which can be practically implemented. Conclusions are drawn based on all findings and gaps that emerged during the research study have been proposed for future research. The cumulative scores from this research indicate average satisfaction among employees, which are comparable with average performance recorded by company. Table of Contents Chapter 1--An Overview 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Introduction to this research: a general impression 5 1.2.1 The need and means for employee motivation 5 1.2.2 Significance of employee motivation in organisational success 6 1.3. Background for this study 7 1.3.1 Rationale for this research 7 1.4 Aims and objectives 7 1.5 Hypotheses 8 1.6 Research Questions 8 1.7 Scope and Limitations 8 1.8 Summary 8 Chapter 2 --Literature review 10 2.1. Introduction 10 2.2. Theoretical perspectives on employee motivation 10 2.2.1 Theoretical standpoints 11 2.2.2. Other impressions on employee motivation 13 2.3 Types of motivation 14 2.4. Factors impacting motivation 15 2.5. Impact of employee motivation 16 2.6. Summary 17 Chapter 3 -- Methodology 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Research design 19 3.2.1 Semi-structured interv iews 20 3.2.2. Survey questionnaire and design 20 3.3 Population and sample size. 21 3.3.1 Semi structured interviews 21 3.3.2 Survey questionnaire 22 3.4 Data collection and method of assessment 22 3.4.1 Semi-structured interviews 23 3.4.2 Survey questionnaire 23 3.5 Validity, reliability and generalisability of the methods 24 3.5.1 Semi-structured interviews 24 3.5.2 Survey questionnaire 25 3.6 Ethical considerations 25 3.7 Reference to previous research 26 3.8 Summary 26 Chapter 4—Findings and Results 27 4.1. Introduction 27 4.2 Qualitative research : Findings and results 27 4.2.1. Semi-structured interviews with staff: findings and interpretations 27 4.2.2. Responses from supervisors/managers 29 4.3. Limitations of semi-structured interviews 33 4.4. Quantitative research: Findings and results 33 4.4.1 Hypothesis testing using Chi-square test 33 4.4.2. Percentage calculations 34 4.5 Pareto analysis 35 4.6. Summary 35 Chapter 5 -- Discussion. 35 5.1 Introduction 36 5.2 Retu rning to aims and objectives of this research 36 5.3 Hypotheses testing 36 5.4 Analysing qualitative and quantitative information 37 5.5 Pareto analysis 48 5.6. Summary 48 Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations 50 6.1 Introduction 50 6.2 Answers to research questions 50 6.3 Conclusions from overall research 51 6.4 Limitations and drawbacks of this research 51 6.5 Recommendations for supervisors/managers 52 6.6 Final conclusion and propositions for future research 53 Chapter 7 – References and Appendices 54 Chapter 1--An Overview 1.1 Introduction: This chapter presents an overview of the research to be

Mary Tudor and Lady Jane Grey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mary Tudor and Lady Jane Grey - Essay Example All of these factors lead both Mary Tudor and Lady Jane Grey to the throne. At the time of Lady Jane Grey’s ascension to the throne for a mere nine days, she was not the only one with a claim to the throne. Her older sister, Margaret, had married James IV of Scotland which would make their children more of a direct line to the Tudor throne. However, Mary Tudor was a direct descendant of Henry VIII. If a woman was to become queen of all of England, Mary had more right than Lady Jane Grey. This would have been true if Henry the VIII had not declared her a bastard due to an annulled marriage with his first wife. So neither woman had a strong claim to the throne, but both became queen. The religious tumult of the time combined into the politics to make both Lady Jane Grey and Mary Tudor queen. Lady Jane Grey, along with Henry VIII’s successor, Edward VI favored the Protestant movement. Mary was a staunch Catholic. This made Protestant supporters favor Lady Jane, and Catholic supporters favored Mary. It was not a matter of the right or claim to throne at the time, but of which religion the English population favored. Lady Jane was more of a pawn of her father and brothers than Mary. She was more of a figurehead. For a region that had been Catholic for centuries, Protestants were seen as heretics. During the examination of Anne Askew, a Protestant, the following exchange occurred: Then took he my book out of my hand and said, ‘Such books as this hath brought you to the trouble you are in. Beware,’ sayeth he, ‘beware, for he that made this book and was the author thereof was an heretic, I warrant you, and burnt in Smithfield.’ (Greenblatt et al)1 Mary Tudor had two reasons for wanting to be queen. The first would be the enforcement of the Catholic religion. The second reason was to prove her birth was legitimate. This second reason supported the first. If Henry VIII had acted illegally

Marketing Definition Essay Example for Free

Marketing Definition Essay Definition The process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly identifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. Its objective is to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of customers in the targeted segment. Few companies are big enough to supply the needs of an entire market; most must breakdown the total demand into segments and choose those that the company is best equipped to handle. Four basic factors that affect market segmentation are (1) clear identification of the segment, (2) measurability of its effective size, (3) its accessibility through promotional efforts, and (4) its appropriateness to the policies and resources of the company. The four basic market segmentation-strategies are based on (a) behavioral (b) demographic, (c) psychographic, and (d) geographical differences. Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/market-segmentation.html#ixzz2ImOtX3b8 Do you think that it was a good segmentation for MM’s to develop a new version targeting adults? In observing how MM’s have changed over time from the addition of peanut butter and almonds to the changing of colors and sizes I think that was a great segmentation strategy to develop a new version targeting adults. The new line of MM’s is 55 percent larger in size and they come in colors that are appealing to adults in its design (Schiffman Kanuk, 2007). According to spokeswoman Joan Buyce of Masterfoods USA this creation is designed with adults in mind and It broadens our portfolio so theres something for everyone (MMs get mega-sized, 2012, p.1). Buyce also states that the new MMs are available in milk chocolate as well as peanut varieties and come with an adult-oriented color scheme which includes teal, beige, gold, maroon, brown and blue-gray (MMs get mega-sized, 2012). Due to the new line of MM’s including aspects that target adults I think that it is a great segmentation strategy because appealing aspects are included in the development of the new version. Discuss three basic types of research of design (exploratory, descriptive and casual). The three basic types of designs are exploratory, descriptive and casual research. In the explorative research there is systematic and flexible and allows the researcher to investigate desires (Marketing Research Design, 2012). Explorative research is also most commonly unstructured, informal research that is undertaken to gain background information about the general nature of the research problem (Marketing Research Design, 2012). While descriptive research describes and measure marketing phenomena at a point in time (Marketing Research Design, 2012). This type of research is classified as a cross sectional study, because it is a one-time measurement, which is established in market research, outnumbering longitudinal studies and casual studies (Marketing Research Design, 2012). Casual research is [continues]

Victim Support and Social Work

Victim Support and Social Work Victims of a Serial Killer Vangerlena Smith Violent crimes happen to certain individuals or groups every day. Sometimes the victims have the same characteristics, and sometimes there is no trace of recidivism pertaining to the victims at all. Some of those characteristics may include sex, gender roles, age, ethnicity, economic status, goals, education level, area of residence, stature or body type, etc. There is one particular case where the victims had similar characteristics. The case is that of Jeffrey Dahmer, a famous serial killer who lured, killed, and dismembered all of his victims’ body. All of Dahmer victims were male, mostly African American. According to the research I have done majority of Jeffrey Dahmer’s victims were hitchhikers, travelers, homosexuals, in some type of desperate need, or in the areas where Dahmer resided. He never went out of his way to go and find his victims; they just of sort of came to him. They were all also obviously young because he would meet them in clubs, bars, or at parti es. The ages of the victims are listed as follow: 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 33, and 36. Dahmer also had victims who had a chance at living. Before he became the serial killer that he is known as today, Dahmer was arrested multiple times for fondling and molesting younger boys in public plays; such as, fairs, carnival, etc. In the following paper the nature(s) of the crime that Dahmer committed will be addressed. How to deal with the victims and their families on a micro, mezzo, and macro level will also be explained. Also, as any human being, social workers have personal values and ethics that sometimes conflict with those of their professional values and ethics. Nature of the Crime The violent gruesome acts of what Dahmer did to his victims could fit many natures of crime. Dahmer’s first victim was a nineteen year old hitchhiker whom he just picked up. Later the two got drunk and engaged in sexual activities, and the victim simply wanted to leave afterwards. Dahmer did not want him to so he killed him, dismembered his body, and disposed of him. This is where the pattern started. The previous information shows that one of the natures is obviously control. It was said that Dahmer never really had any friends, so he was a loner. He obviously got the victim drunk so he would become totally vulnerable to the situation, so that he could take advantage of the victim. The victim deciding to leave was totally out of Dahmer’s control, so he made it where he was in control; he hit the victim over the head with a dumb bell where he then proceeded to kill him. It’s debatable that Dahmer’s first murder was unplanned, so the sense of control that h e felt afterward his first murder, he wanted to continue to feel. This is the starting point of his recidivism. According to: â€Å"Sadism, a term introduced by Krafft-Ebing (1898) late in the nineteenth century, originally referred to sexual pleasure derived through inflicting pain and suffering on others. Over time, the term was expanded to include nonsexual enjoyment derived from sadistic acts† (Marten Kahn, 2011) Dahmer acts also could be labeled as perversion. For some of the victims they did not willing have sex with the offender. Also, some sexual acts were also done to some of victims’ corpse after death. Dahmer, in his teen years had struggled with his homosexual desires; combined with his years of being a loner, he decided to just take actions and deal with those desires. Lastly, the nature of Dahmer’s crime could be labeled as revenge. As stated earlier, Dahmer was a loner growing up. Yes, he had sexual desires like any other human being, but no one wanted to engage with him in any type of way because he was seen as an outcast. It could be possible that Dahmer’s act on his victims could have been one of revenge from earlier stages of his life. Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Levels Assessing the victims, families, community, and nation on the level of micro, mezzo, and macro scales is a critical level in evidenced-base practice. According to Hull Ashman (2012): â€Å"Practice with individuals is considered as micro practice, practice with families as micro/mezzo practice, practice with group as mezzo practice, and practice with larger systems, including organizations and communities, as macro practice† (Ashman Hull, 2010). Dealing With the Situation on a Micro Level On the smallest level, the micro level, for this case it is much easier to start with the live victims of molestation and fondling. This level could be used to work with the individuals to get some understanding on how they are coping with what had happened to him and also throw out suggestions. I’m sure at this level it’s easier to find out what each of the young men are probably wondering why did this happen to them, and what did they do to deserve it. On this level, it’s easier for a social worker to handle because they get to work with the individual one on one. In a mezzo group setting the victim may be ashamed to open up about what happened to them, and in return never get the proper help they need for moving on or coping. Some victims who has had things done to them and never told or got properly treated sometimes become the perpetrator of that same crime later on in life. According to Davis (1991): Dahmer’s probation officer noted that, â€Å"When Jeffrey was eight, his father said, a neighborhood boy had sexually molested him. Perhaps this may be the reason why Jeffrey has sexuality issues† (Davis, 1991). So Dahmer’s actions are a product of child molestation, and what could possibly happen if one stays quiet. It is also important to work with the individual family because family support when dealing with these types of things is vital. The social worker could encourage the family to do things such as, not help the victim stay the victim. They can do this by not treating the victim like something’s always wrong. Of course it’s a given that they will probably never forget the incident, but the reminder of it does not help them cope. For those who lost their lives as victims of Dahmer, families could be assessed individually on a micro level as well. Everyone has a different experience when it comes to death of a loved one, so they cope in different ways. It would be very inaccurate to marginalized them all into one category and help them to all cope in one way. It isn’t possible. Also, close friends, neighbors, teachers, classmates, could all be assessed on an individual level; depending on the level of closeness to the victim. According to Social Work License Map (2012): â€Å"Micro practice is the most common kind of social work, and is how most people imagine social workers providing services. In micro social work, the social worker engages with individuals or families to solve problems. Common examples include helping individuals to find appropriate housing, health care and social services. Family therapy and individual counseling would also fall under the auspices of micro practice, as would the medical care of an individual or family, and the treatment of people suffering from a mental health condition or substance abuse problem. Micro-practice may even include military social work, where the social worker helps military service members cope with the challenges accompanying military life and access the benefits entitled to them by their service. Many social workers engage in micro and mezzo practice simultaneously. Even the most ambitious macro-level interventions have their roots in the conversations between a single social worker and a single client† (Social Work License Map, 2012). Dealing With the Situation on a Mezzo Level Mezzo is the level of assessment dealing with group settings. Pertaining to the victims of Jeffrey Dahmer; this is where a social work could get all the molested victims in one room, and maybe have them share their experience and how it affected them. There is such a thing called self-help groups and in these groups the individuals all have something in common. Within these groups they help one another cope with the particular problem. They sometimes do this by expressing their feelings. If these victims could come together and talk about how Dahmer affected them, they may just be able to move on. Also, on this level the victims along with their families could be assessed. Once assessed on a micro level, if the individual could open up about how they were affected to their families, then maybe the family would know how to assist them in helping them cope. â€Å"Those skills used in working with individuals provide the foundation for work with larger groups, organizations, and commun ities† (Ashman Hull, 2010). One victim may not want the family to baby them because of what happened to them; where on the other hand, another victim may need that extra attention from their parents, siblings, etc. For the deceased victims, their families could also be assessed together. They need to know how one another feel, to emotionally support each other about the loss of their loved one. For instance, if a couple’s child was one of Dahmer’s victims they may deal with it differently. The husband may keep it boggled all in and the wife may cry all the time. Well they need to know how to communicate with those different feelings to help one another maintain emotional stability. The husband could comfort the wife during her times where she feels as if she wants to cry. On the other hand, the wife could encourage the husband to talk about his feelings more often, or at least let him know she’s there if he ever feels the need to talk about the loss. According to Social Work License Map(2012): â€Å"Mezzo social work practice deals with small-to-medium-sized groups, such as neighborhoods, schools or other local organizations. Examples of mezzo social work include community organizing, management of a social work organization or focus on institutional or cultural change rather than individual clients. Social workers engaged in mezzo practice are often also engaged in micro and/or macro social work. This ensures the needs and challenges of individual clients are understood and addressed in tandem with larger social issues† (Social Work License Map, 2012). Dealing With the Situation on a Macro Level On the Macro level, a social worker deals with the community which consists of the families, individual victims, close friends, etc. In the community where Dahmer did all his murdering, could rise up a scare amongst some people and be of a shock to others. On this level, a social worker could be effective by going to meet with parents and plan ways that they could make the community a safer place where their children could live, play, etc. Setting up a neighborhood watch team, parents making sure they know where there children are going when they leave home, and making sure that the children be alert of strangers are all ways in solving some of the problems in a community of uproar. As for the community of Dahmer’s victims who didn’t survive, a social worker could advocate for more police security in that area, just to watch for things of suspicion. Because not only were those communities afraid of Dahmer, but they were afraid that there were more killer out there like him. This is where the macro level gets broader. What Jeffrey Dahmer did to his victims become known nationally. This created worry all over the United States. How would social workers address the issue to a community as broad as the whole nation? First, they could brainstorm ideas for the nation to keep themselves self. For example, they could encourage people not to hitchhike at night. They could also warn that all hitchhikers should not be picked up as well. As stated before, another safety precaution is that parents know where their children are at all times. For those who are of age, encouragement to not leave from clubs, bars, parties, etc. with strangers would be a great gesture. A killer who has the intent to kill cannot be dissuaded to kill, but those who could possibly fall victim could set up precautions for their safety to prevent the incidents that happened to Dahmer’s victims from happening to them. According to Social Work License Map (2012): â€Å"The practice of macro social work is the effort to help clients by intervening in large systems. Examples include lobbying to change a health care law, organizing a state-wide activist group or advocating for large-scale social policy change. Macro practice is one of the key distinctions between social work and other helping professions, such as psychiatric therapy. Macro social work generally addresses issues experienced in mezzo or micro social work practice, as well as social work research. Macro practice empowers clients by involving them in systemic change† (Social Work License Map, 2012). All in all, every victim, their family, their friends, etc. could be assessed on either a micro, mezzo, or macro level. Not all people are going to deal with every crisis the same way, so they should not be expected to cope the same way. Some don’t mind speaking in group settings where others may want to talk on a more individual basis. In the Dahmer’s case the level of macro got as broad as the United States, but in some cases the issue on a macro level could become global. Ethical Issues/Values Conflict As a social worker I would personally be all for the victim, not matter the evidence behind what Dahmer did. For example, Dahmer had some psychological issues so that calls for the need of treatment. As far as professional value goes, it’s clear after a psychological evaluation was done that Dahmer needed help; however, my own personal values says that he was not right for taking the lives of innocent people, therefore he should spend the rest of his life in prison. For the same reason, I would also want him to spend his life in prison because some of those victims were teenagers. Also, not only did he kill all of his victims but he removed the flesh from their bones, he cut some of their hearts out, crushed their bones, had sex with the corpses; that is completely inhumane. According to O’meara (2009): â€Å"Dahmer drilled holes in his living victims heads; poured in chemicals to zombify them, had sex with the corpses viscera, and kept some body parts in his refrigerator, occasionally eating them† (OMeara, 2009). As for the victims, I think it would be unethical, so to speak, of me to say that they could have prevented things from happening to them; such as, not leaving the club with Dahmer, not leaving with a stranger period, not getting drunk and falling into a stupor, etc. However, every social work knows or should know that it’s never the victim’s fault about what happened to them (Gough Spencer, 2014). Also, they would not only be some ethical issues and values conflict when it comes to the social worker, but also everyone engaged in Dahmer’s case. Once the prosecutor present all the evidence without thinking some, not all, or the jury will want in him jail; some would even vote death penalty because of their values. Policy Issues Policy issues on the Jeffrey Dahmer case would definitely be his sentencing. It is obvious in my research that Jeffrey Dahmer was psychologically ill, and need major help. However, the argument was that Dahmer disposed of the bodies, which means he was afraid of consequences. If he didn’t dispose the body he probably could have got sent to get some type of treatment. The Jeffrey Dahmer case is rare out of many. As stated before violent crimes happen to certain individuals or groups every day around the world. Murders sometimes just go on a random killing spree, but in Jeffrey Dahmer’s case all of his victims have common characteristics and trait. All of his victims were male, majority of them being black for some odd reason. They all were also of young ages. Some of those characteristics of Dahmer’s victims were their sex, gender roles, age, ethnicity, economic status, goals, education level, area of residence, stature or body type, etc. He mostly picked up hitchhikers, drunken people, or people who just needed a couple of bucks and were willing to do anything. Jeffrey Dahmer’s criminal acts started with the molestation of younger boys. The above content discusses how to help the victims who survived and the loved ones of the victims whose lives were lost cope on a micro, mezzo, and macro level. On the micro level each indivi dual victim is assessed for counseling. The micro level gives the individual more space to be open about what happened without being judged in any kind of way, or with being afraid. The micro level is a vital step to the mezzo and macro levels. On the mezzo level the victim could then be assessed in a group setting with people such as, their families, other victims, their friends, and so forth. The macro level is the largest level of all. On this level, communities, neighborhoods, and even the nation are included. It just depends on how broad the crime is and in Dahmer’s case the murders made national news, frightening many parents out there with young male children. References (2012, July 20). Retrieved November 12, 2014, from Social Work License Map: http://socialworklicensemap.com/macro-mezzo-and-micro-social-work/ Ashman, K., Hull, G. (2010). Understanding Generalist Practice. Stamford: Cengage Learning. Davis, D. (1991). The Jeffrey Dahmer Story: An American Nightmare. New York City: St. Martins Paperback Press. Gough, J., Spencer, E. (2014). Ethics in Action: An Exploratory Survey of Social Workers Ethical Decision Making and Value Conflicts. Journal of Social Work Values Ethics, Vol. 11 Issue 2, p23-40. 18p. Marten, W., Kahn, W. (2011). Sadism linked to loneliness: psychodynamic dimensions of the sadistic serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer. Psychoanalytic Review, Vol. 98 (4), pp. 493-514. OMeara, G. J. (2009). He Speaks Not, Yet He Says Everything; What of That?: Text, Context, and Pretext in State v. Jeffrey Dahmer.. Denver University Law Review, Vol. 87 Issue 1, p97-137, 41p.

SIR :: essays research papers

CANTERBURY TALES THE MERCHANT’S TALE Chaucer has let January become the character he is partially down to the fact of his age. We know January is highly sexually driven without a doubt. Yet Chaucer leads us to believe that this is down to his personality and character rather than his age being used as a justifiable tool; so what if the man is 60 he still wants to have sex right? We are told that January has a sexual appetite and regularly feeds with mostly a selection of middle aged women, so when he acquires himself a young and "untouched" girl as a wife we are taken aback. At this point Chaucer casts age into the conundrum and we begin to see just how January thinks and more precisely what he desires. Justinus and placebo's scene with January for me is more like him talking to himself and there being an angel on one shoulder and a devil on the other. (This scene is very resemblant of Dr Faustus in which the Good Angel and Evil Angel appear to Faustus.) Placebo is the "devil" and the free thinking conscienceless side of January whilst Justinus is the angel who shows morals and ethics. This is almost an externalization of his mind frame, revealing both halves of his thought. Chaucer has used this scene well to show us exactly the knight's thoughts. As the characters tell him what they think, inversely it is really what he thinks. (He chooses to ignore Justinus and by listening to Placebo he listens to what he wants and desires.) The recklessness for January is his great lack of realism. Not only is it portrayed by the way he expects to have a young wife at the age of 60, but by the way he thinks that he "still has it" and that his age has not affected his status with women. This is one of the seven sins that Chaucer uses in all of the Canterbury tales; vanity. This is reinforced by the way he refuses to listen to Justinus. Although he is a bachelor right unto the point where he meets May and marries her, we have been given little or no real background to his life, his age and his masochistic ways. The total expectation of a "young and fair" wife is surely meant to be interpreted as arrogance. Yet the way January voices his expectation, one casts asides their views of his arrogance and surprisingly adopt one of empathy towards him.

America Needs Sex Education in Schools Essay example -- Sex Education

Sex education is a major cause of arguments among parents and their school’s board of directors. Some parents argue that sex education should be taught at home or in their religious institution based upon their values. Should the public education system teach sex education to students? There has not been a solution that can be agreed upon unanimously. Sex education isn’t yet a necessity in every school but community support for it is slowly increasing. Sex education needs to be implemented in schools throughout the nation for the protection of today’s youth and further generations from the dangers of unsafe sex and to teach them to understand what sex means. Many problematic situations arise from the current status of sex education in the United States. Almost all of the problems in relation to this idea are results of the youth’s lack of knowledge about sex. Sex education can greatly impact the student’s future by preventing the alarming statistics being created by teenagers. The United States has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy, birth, and abortion compared to other developed nations (Kaneshiro B.). â€Å"Of the approximately 750,000 teen pregnancies that occur each year, 82% are unintended. Fifty-nine percent end in birth and more than one-quarter end in abortion ("Facts on American Teens' Sources of Information About Sex")†. However, the opposition would like to see it stay the way it is and for future children to fall into line with these bad trends. The opposition calls upon parental guidance for teaching children about the dangers and responsibilities of sex. They feel that it is a parental res ponsibility to inform their children of sex, the consequences of sex, and the necessity to have safe sex. The challeng... .../www.avert.org/sex-education.htm>. Sullivan, Amy. "How to Bring An End to the war of Sex Ed." Time Magazine U.S.. Time Magazine, March 19, 2012. Web. 12 Apr 2012. . Weiser, Dana A., and Monica K. Miller. "Barack Obama Vs Bristol Palin: Why The President's Sex Education Policy Wins." Contemporary Justice Review 13.4 (2010): 411-424. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. Wilson, Kelly L., and David C. Wiley. "Influence Of Materials On Teacher Adoption Of Abstinence-Only- Until-Marriage Programs."Journal Of School Health 79.12 (2009): 565-574. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. Zain Al-Dien, Muhammad M. "Perceptions Of Sex Education Among Muslim Adolescents In Canada." Journal Of Muslim Minority Affairs 30.3 (2010): 391-407. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. America Needs Sex Education in Schools Essay example -- Sex Education Sex education is a major cause of arguments among parents and their school’s board of directors. Some parents argue that sex education should be taught at home or in their religious institution based upon their values. Should the public education system teach sex education to students? There has not been a solution that can be agreed upon unanimously. Sex education isn’t yet a necessity in every school but community support for it is slowly increasing. Sex education needs to be implemented in schools throughout the nation for the protection of today’s youth and further generations from the dangers of unsafe sex and to teach them to understand what sex means. Many problematic situations arise from the current status of sex education in the United States. Almost all of the problems in relation to this idea are results of the youth’s lack of knowledge about sex. Sex education can greatly impact the student’s future by preventing the alarming statistics being created by teenagers. The United States has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy, birth, and abortion compared to other developed nations (Kaneshiro B.). â€Å"Of the approximately 750,000 teen pregnancies that occur each year, 82% are unintended. Fifty-nine percent end in birth and more than one-quarter end in abortion ("Facts on American Teens' Sources of Information About Sex")†. However, the opposition would like to see it stay the way it is and for future children to fall into line with these bad trends. The opposition calls upon parental guidance for teaching children about the dangers and responsibilities of sex. They feel that it is a parental res ponsibility to inform their children of sex, the consequences of sex, and the necessity to have safe sex. The challeng... .../www.avert.org/sex-education.htm>. Sullivan, Amy. "How to Bring An End to the war of Sex Ed." Time Magazine U.S.. Time Magazine, March 19, 2012. Web. 12 Apr 2012. . Weiser, Dana A., and Monica K. Miller. "Barack Obama Vs Bristol Palin: Why The President's Sex Education Policy Wins." Contemporary Justice Review 13.4 (2010): 411-424. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. Wilson, Kelly L., and David C. Wiley. "Influence Of Materials On Teacher Adoption Of Abstinence-Only- Until-Marriage Programs."Journal Of School Health 79.12 (2009): 565-574. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. Zain Al-Dien, Muhammad M. "Perceptions Of Sex Education Among Muslim Adolescents In Canada." Journal Of Muslim Minority Affairs 30.3 (2010): 391-407. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.

Sky Team 2

Team, branded as SKYTEAM, is an  airline alliance  with its centralised management team, SkyTeam Central, based in the World Trade Center Schiphol Airport on the grounds of  Amsterdam Airport Schiphol  in  Haarlemmermeer,  Netherlands. [2][3]  SkyTeam was founded in 2000 by  Aeromexico,  Air France,  Delta Air Lines  and  Korean Air  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the last of the three airline alliances to be formed – but has grown to become second largest airline alliance in the world (in passenger number terms and members), behind  Star Alliance  and ahead of  Oneworld.The alliance currently consists of thirteen carriers from four continents, with the slogan  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Caring more about you†. SkyTeam also operates a cargo alliance called  SkyTeam Cargo. As of October 2010, the alliance and its members have a total workforce of 316,445. [4] In 2004, the alliance had the biggest expansion when  Continental Airlines,  KLM  and  Northwest Airlines  joi ned simultaneously as full members.In 2010, the alliance celebrated its 10th  anniversary with the introduction of a  SkyTeam livery, the joining of and upgrading of status 4 airlines, followed by the announcements of  Aerolineas Argentinas,  China Eastern Airlines,  China Airlines  and  Garuda Indonesia  to become full members. As of October 2010, SkyTeam and its future members flies to 898 in 169 countries. It operates over 12,500 flights with a combined fleet of 3,400 aircraft (including associate carriers). Furthermore, the alliance has 420 lounges worldwide to serve its 385  million  annual passengers.Besides its passenger-carrying business, SkyTeam also runs a separate cargo alliance –  SkyTeam Cargo  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ which partners eight  carriers  who are all SkyTeam members. Contents  [hide] * 1  Membership history * 1. 1  Formations and early years * 1. 2  Biggest expansion * 1. 3  2005–2006 * 1. 4  2007 expansion * 1. 5  200 8–2009: Departure of airlines and new initiatives * 1. 6  10th anniversary * 2  Member airlines * 2. 1  Full members and their member & non-member affiliates * 2.   Former members * 2. 3  Future members * 2. 3. 1  Possible future members * 3  SkyTeam Cargo * 4  Benefits and services * 4. 1  Members' hubs * 4. 2  Co-locations * 4. 2. 1  Asia * 4. 2. 2  Europe * 4. 2. 3  North America * 4. 3  Premium status * 4. 3. 1  SkyTeam Elite * 4. 3. 2  SkyTeam Elite Plus * 5  SkyTeam special livery * 6  Footnotes * 7  External links| ————————————————- [edit]Membership history [edit]Formations and early yearsA  Delta Air Lines  Boeing 757-200(N717TW)  in the SkyTeam livery On 22 June 2000, representatives of the four founding carriers–Aeromexico,  Air France,  Delta Air Lines  and  Korean Air–held a meeting in New York to announce the founding of the third  airline alliance, named  SkyTeamâ„ ¢. [5]  Upon the formation, SkyTeam, would offer its customers a total of 6402 daily flights to 451 destinations, in 98 countries. In September 2000, the alliance established a cargo alliance,  SkyTeam Cargoâ„ ¢, as it focuses more on cargo operations.5]  The group's inaugural members are Aeromexpress, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics and Korean Air Cargo. The following month, the newly-established airline alliance announced its intentions to grant  CSA Czech Airlines  membership. [5] The year 2001 saw the joining of  CSA Czech Airlines  on 25 March[5]  and  Alitalia  on 27 July. [6]  On 30 September, the alliance received KLM's application for membership,[7]  following the airline's plans to create a leading airline group with Air France. 7]  In 2003,  Delta's subsidiary  Delta Express  was replaced by  Song. That same year, SkyTeam also launched an i mproved website, focused on providing passengers with more information, increased interactivity, and other resources. [8] [edit]Biggest expansion A  Czech Airlines  ATR 42  (OK-JFL). The airline was the first recruit following the alliance's formation On 24 May 2004,  Aeroflot, the  flag carrier  and principal airline of Russia, signed a  Memorandum of Understanding  (MoU) with SkyTeam as it intends to become a full member.The event took place inKremlin, following the airline's application earlier in the year for membership. [9][10]  SkyTeam says that Aeroflot has not met the consortium's standards, but the airline's large hub networks makes it ideal for the alliance. [11] On 28 August,  China Southern Airlines, the largest carrier in the  People's Republic of China, signed a preliminary agreement in  Guangzhou, in its bid to become a full member. 12]  In the presence of a number of Chinese and airline officials, Yan Zhiqing, Chairman of China Southern, sai d, â€Å"This agreement-signing event is an important step forward into the future for China Southern Airlines to adapt itself to the need of further reforms and opening to the international community, as it will strengthen the airline's international cooperation and global competitiveness. † On 13 September,  Continental Airlines,  KLM  and  Northwest Airlines  joined the alliance. [13][14]  Their simultaneous entry was the largest expansion event in airline alliance history.As a result of the three new members, SkyTeam passed  Oneworld  to become the second largest alliance, serving more than 341  million  customers with 14,320 daily flights to 658 destinations in 130 countries. [13] [edit]2005–2006 Even though member CSA Czech Airlines pledged to help  Malev Hungarian Airlines  become an associate member of the alliance (as opposed to a full member, an associate has no voting rights), Malev Hungarian Airlines opted to join the  Oneworld   alliance, signing a Memorandum Of Understanding late in May.A few days later SkyTeam announced four new associate members due to join by 2006, each one being â€Å"sponsored† by an existing member:  Madrid-based  Air Europa  (sponsored by  Air France),  Panama-based  Copa Airlines  (sponsored and partly owned by  Continental Airlines),  Kenya Airways(sponsored and partly owned by  KLM) and  Romania's  TAROM  (sponsored by  Alitalia). Every associate adopted a  frequent flyer program  of a full member:  Copa Airlines  already used  Continental's  OnePass  while  Kenya Airways  and  Air Europaused  Air France-KLM's  Flying Blue.An Alitalia (the one which succeeds Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane) Boeing 767-300ER, registered as EI-DBP, is seen here in SkyTeam  livery. (2010) Aeroflot  joined on 14 April 2006 following a 24-month joining process since May 2004, the first Russian airline to be associated with an airline allianc e. [15][16]  Aeroflot has increased its operational standards, passing  International Air Transport Association's (IATA)  Operational Safety Audit  (IOSA). Delta's subsidiary  Song  continued to operate as  Delta Air Lines.In June, it was announced thatPortugalia  would become the alliance's next associate member candidate, however, in November, rival airline (and Star Alliance member)  TAP Portugal, purchased 99. 81% of the airline, bringing an end to its candidacy. [17] [edit]2007 expansion On 4 September 2007,  Air Europa,  Copa Airlines,  Kenya Airways  became members of SkyTeam's Associate program, which was launched to serve airlines in strategic regions who are intending to become affiliated with the alliance. 18][19]  China Southern Airlines  joined SkyTeam on 15 November to become the 11th full member and the first carrier from  Mainland China  to join SkyTeam. [20]Aeromexico's subsidiary  Aerolitoral  became  Aeromexico Connect. [edi t]2008–2009: Departure of airlines and new initiatives An  Air France  Boeing 777-300ER(F-GZNE)  in the special SkyTeam livery, which was unveiled in 2009 Continental Airlines  and  Copa Airlines  announced their intentions to move to the  Star Alliance  after Continental's final flight with SkyTeam on 24 October 2009. Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane  re-launched operations as the new  Alitalia.In 2009, the alliance announced initiatives towards a centralised management system, based in  Amsterdam. [21]  The consortium also named a new managing director and a timeline outlining the opening of its co-located facilities at  London Heathrow Airport. A new special livery was also unveiled. [21]  On 24 October,  Continental Airlines  and  Copa Airlines  simultaneously left SkyTeam,[22]  after which Continental Airlines would join  Star Alliance  on 27 October. [23]  At the time, it was rumoured that the switch is Continental's initial move in its plan of a United-Continental merge. [24] [edit]10th anniversaryTo start off 2010,  Northwest Airlines  and  Delta Air Lines's operating certificates were officially combined on 1 January, while on 9 March,  China Southern Airlines  announced its plans to join  SkyTeam Cargo. [25]  With membership expected to be granted in November, the airline will be the first Chinese carrier to join a global air cargo alliance. On 16 April,  China Eastern Airlines  announced its intentions to join the alliance, with the official joining ceremony expected to take place mid-2011. [26]  The announcement came after the airline's merge with  Shanghai Airlines, a member of SkyTeam's rival Star Alliance.On 10 June,  Vietnam Airlines  became a full member following a joining ceremony held in  Hanoi. [27]  The airline, therefore, became the first SkyTeam carrier from Southeast Asia, where  Star Alliance  has a strong presence through  Singapore Airlines. With an extra 20 unique destinations added to SkyTeam's route map, Vietnam Airlines helps strengthen the alliance's foothold in the region. [27] On 22 June, the  CEOs  and  Chairmen  of the 13 member airlines gathered in New York to celebrate the alliance's 10th  anniversary.During its first decade of operation, the world's second largest airline alliance more than tripled its membership, doubled it flights and nearly doubled the alliance's destinations. [28]  On the same day, SkyTeam announced that it had renewed its membership program, thereby upgrading  Air Europa  and  Kenya Airways  membership status from associate members to full members,[29][30]  and making TAROM a future full member of the alliance. During the ceremony, the Board outlined its plans to recruit members from  Latin America,  South America  and  India. [28]  Three days later, TAROM officially became a member of SkyTeam. 31]  As part of the celebration, SkyTeam offered reductions of roun d-the-world fares[32]  and other promotions. Following the 10thanniversary, SkyTeam intends to enhance customers' travel experience and deepen co-operation among its members to supplement the expansion into regions that are yet to have SkyTeam members. [33] â€Å"| In South America, India and Africa, it is clear there will be a significant battle for positioning to lure good carriers in your alliance. | †| —Leo van Wijk, Chairman during a 10th anniversary event of SkyTeam[34]| During the year, Delta Air Lines offered  US$1. 2 billion to  Japan Airlines  after the  Asian  airline filed for  bankruptcy  due to US$26 billion debt,[35]  at the same time lobbying  Oneworld's largest member in Asia to switch to SkyTeam. [36]  Delta, along with  American Airlines, wanted Japan Airlines to be in their respective alliances to benefit from the U. S. –Japan  Open Skies agreement. Eventually, Japan Airlines opted to remain at Oneworld, citing that the transfer to SkyTeam would confuse its passengers, and may not gain anti-trust immunity from U. S. regulators. [37] China Airlines will join SkyTeam as a full member in 2011.On 14 September, in space of 5 months, SkyTeam received its second application for full membership. China Airlines, the flag carrier and largest carrier of  Republic of China, announced that it has formally started the joining process. [38]  Upon joining, the airline's route network will supplement those of  China Southern Airlines  and  China Eastern Airlines, allowing cooperation among the three airlines, as well as strengthening SkyTeam's presence not only in both the  People's Republic of China  and the Republic of China, but throughout the Asia-Pacific region.The following month, October,  Aerolineas Argentinas  would sign an agreement to officially start the process of becoming the first  South American  SkyTeam member. The airline is set to join in 2012. [39][40][41] On 1 November ,  Shanghai Airlines  switched from  Star Alliance  to SkyTeam under its parent company, future SkyTeam member, China Eastern Airlines. [42]  This bolstered SkyTeam's presence in the People's Republic of China and surrounding areas, making the SkyTeam the number 1 alliance in the region. 43]  Garuda Indonesia, the flag carrier of Indonesia, formally started its joining process on 23 November, and is scheduled to be integrated by 2012. [44]  Upon joining, the airline will become the second Southeast Asian airline to join SkyTeam, therefore challenging  Star Alliance's dominance in the region through  Thai Airways International  and  Singapore Airlines. ————————————————- [edit]Member airlines [edit]Full members and their member & non-member affiliates Member airline| Country| Joined| Member affiliates| Non-member affiliates| Aeroflot|   Russia| 20 06|   Donavia Nordavia|   Rossiya|Aeromexico[A]|   Mexico| 2000|   Aeromexico Connect Aeromexico Travel| —| Air Europa|   Spain| 2007| —| —| Air France[A][B]|   France| 2000|   Brit Air CityJet Regional|   transavia. com France  (60%)| Alitalia|   Italy| 2008|   Alitalia Express Air One CityLiner|   Air One Smart Carrier| China Southern Airlines|   China| 2007| —|   Chongqing Airlines   Xiamen Airlines| Czech Airlines|   Czech Republic| 2001| —| —| Delta Air Lines[A]|   United States| 2000|   Delta Connection   Delta Shuttle|   Delta AirElite| Kenya Airways|   Kenya| 2007| —| —| KLM[B]|   Netherlands| 2004|   KLM Cityhopper|   Martinair   transavia. com transavia. com France  (40%) transavia. om Denmark  (until April 2011)| Korean Air[A]|   South Korea| 2000| —|   Jin Air| TAROM|   Romania| 2010| —| —| Vietnam Airlines|   Vietnam| 2010| —|   Cambodia Angkor Air   Vietnam Air Service Company (VASCO)| A  Founding member[45] B  Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines are part of the airline holding company  Air France-KLM[46] [edit]Former members Former member airline| Country| Joined| Exited| Member affiliates| Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane[A]|   Italy| 2001| 2008|   Alitalia Express   Volare Airlines| Continental Airlines[B]|   United States| 2004| 2009| Continental Connection  operated by: >  Ã‚  Cape Air >  Ã‚  Colgan Air >  Ã‚  CommutAir   Ã‚  Gulfstream International Airlines Continental Express  operated by: >  Ã‚  Chautauqua Airlines >  Ã‚  ExpressJet Airlines Continental Micronesia| Northwest Airlines[C]|   United States| 2004| 2009|   Northwest Airlink| A  Alitalia  re-launched operations in  2008 B  Left the alliance to join  Star Alliance  with  United Airlines C  Northwest Airlines' operating certificate was combined with Delta Air Lines'. Northwest Airl ines ceased operating as a separate carrier and all of its flights now operate under the Delta Air Lines name Former member affiliate| Country| Joined| Exited| Member affiliate of| Aerolitoral[A]|   Mexico| 2000| 2007|   Aeromexico|Delta Express[B]|   United States| 2000| 2003|   Delta Air Lines| Song Airlines[C]|   United States| 2003| 2006|   Delta Air Lines| VLM Airlines[D]|   Belgium| 2000| 2009|   Air France| A  A founding affiliate member and relaunched as  Aeromexico Connect. B  A founding affiliate member. Replaced by Song Airlines. C  Song's operations became part of  Delta's fleet. D  A founding affiliate member and merged with  CityJet. Former associate member| Country| Joined| Exited| Member affiliates| Copa Airlines[A]|   Panama| 2007| 2009| AeroRepublica| A  Left the alliance on October 24, 2009 and will join  Star Alliance  in mid-2012. edit]Future members China Eastern Airlines  will become a full member in mid-2011. Aerolineas Argentinas  will join SkyTeam as a full member in early 2012. Garuda Indonesia  is set to join SkyTeam in 2012 Future member airline| Country| Joining| Member affiliates| Non-member affiliates| Aerolineas Argentinas[47]|   Argentina| 2012|   Austral Lineas Aereas| —| China Airlines[38]|   Taiwan| Mid-2011|   Mandarin Airlines| —| China Eastern Airlines[48]|   China| Mid-2011|   Shanghai Airlines| —| Garuda Indonesia[44][49][50]|   Indonesia| Early-2012| —|   Citilink| [edit]Possible future membersAirline| Country| Member affiliates| Non-member affiliates| Aer Lingus[51]|   Ireland|   Aer Lingus Regional| —| Air Algerie[52]|   Algeria| —| —| Gulf Air[53]|   Bahrain| —| —| Jet Airways[54][55]|   India| —|   Jet Konnect JetLite| Malaysia Airlines[56]|   Malaysia|   MASwings|   Firefly| Middle East Airlines|   Lebanon| —| —| Saudi Arabian Airlines[57]|   Saudi A rabia| —| —| ————————————————- [edit]SkyTeam Cargo Main article:  SkyTeam Cargo SkyTeam Cargo is is a cargo division of SkyTeam. SkyTeam Cargo is the bigger f the world's two cargo alliances, ahead of its rival  WOW Alliance. The cargo alliance partners eight members from the passenger alliance –  Aeromexpress,  Air France Cargo,  Alitalia Cargo,  China Southern Cargo,  CSA Cargo,  Delta Air Logistics,  KLM Cargo  and  Korean Air Cargo. ————————————————- [edit]Benefits and services [edit]Members' hubs Rome  Da Vinci Airport  Terminal 1 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 2 Mexico City International Airport Terminal 2 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Terminal 1 Member Airline| Count ry| Hub Airport(s)|Aeroflot|   Russia| Sheremetyevo International Airport  (Moscow)| Aerolineas Argentinas  (future member)|   Argentina Argentina| Aeroparque Jorge Newbery  (Buenos Aires) Ministro Pistarini International Airport  (Buenos Aires)| Aeromexico|   Mexico| Mexico City International Airport| Air Europa|   Spain| Madrid Barajas Airport| Air France|   France| Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport| Alitalia|   Italy| Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport  (Rome)| China Airlines  (future member)|   Taiwan| Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport  (Taipei)| China Eastern Airlines  (future member)|   China China| Shanghai Hongqiao International AirportShanghai Pudong International Airport| China Southern Airlines|   China China| Beijing Capital International Airport Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport| Czech Airlines|   Czech Republic| Prague – Ruzyne Airport| Delta Air Lines|   Netherlands USA USA USA USA USA USA France USA Japan| Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Memphis International Airport Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport  (New York) Paris-Charles de Gaulle AirportSalt Lake City International Airport Narita International Airport  (Tokyo)| Garuda Indonesia  (future member)|   Indonesia Indonesia| Ngurah Rai International Airport  (Denpasar) Soekarno–Hatta International Airport  (Jakarta)| Kenya Airways|   Kenya| Jomo Kenyatta International Airport  (Nairobi)| KLM|   Netherlands| Amsterdam Airport Schiphol| Korean Air|   South Korea South Korea| Gimpo International Airport  (Seoul) Incheon International Airport  (Seoul)| TAROM|   Romania| Henri Coanda International Airport  (Bucharest)| Vietnam Airlines|   Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam| Noi Bai International Airport  (Hanoi)Long Thanh Internatio nal Airport  (Ho Chi Minh City, future airport) Tan Son Nhat International Airport  (Ho Chi Minh City)| [edit]Co-locations [edit]Asia Airport| Terminal| Beijing Capital International Airport| Terminal 2| Narita International Airport  (Tokyo)| Terminal 1 North Wing, except  China Southern Airlines and  Vietnam Airlines  (Terminal 2)| Incheon International Airport  (Seoul)| Concourse A except,  Korean Air  (East Side of Main Terminal)| [edit]Europe Airport| Terminal| Henri Coanda International Airport  (Bucharest)| Terminal 1|   Frankfurt Airport| Terminal 2| London Heathrow Airport| Terminal 4|Madrid Barajas Airport| Terminal 1 (International) Terminal 2 (European and domestic), except  Czech Airlines  and  TAROM(Terminal 4)|   Sheremetyevo International Airport  (Moscow)| Terminals D and E, except  Vietnam Airlines  (Domodedovo International Airport)|   Charles de Gaulle Airport  (Paris)| Terminals 2E and 2F2 (International) Terminals 2D and 2 F1 (European) 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F and 2G (Air France)| Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport  (Rome)| Terminal 1|   Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport| Terminal 1, except  Aeroflot,  Tarom, and  Alitalia  (Terminal 2)| [edit]North America Chicago O'Hare International Airport Terminal 5Airport| Terminal| Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport| Concourses T, A, B, and D (Domestic) Concourse E (International)|   O'Hare International Airport  (Chicago)| Terminal 5, except Delta (Terminal 2)|   Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport| Terminal 3|   Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport| Terminal D (KLM & Korean Air) Terminal E (Delta)| Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport| McNamara Terminal|   Mexico City International Airport| Terminal 2, except  Air France  and  KLM  (Terminal 1)|   Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport| Terminal 1 (future o-location)|   General Mariano Escobedo International Airport(Monterrey)| Terminal B|   John F. Kennedy International Airport  (New York)| Terminals 1 and 4 (International) Terminals 2 and 3 (Domestic)| San Francisco International Airport| Terminal A (International) Terminals 1 B and C (Domestic)| Los Angeles International Airport| Terminals 2, 6, and TBIT (International) Terminal 5 (Domestic)| Seattle–Tacoma International Airport| South Satellite Terminal|   Toronto Pearson International Airport| Terminal 3, except  Alitalia  (Terminal 1)| [edit]Premium statusSkyTeam has two premium levels—Elite  and  Elite Plus—based on a customer's tier status in a member carrier's  frequent-flyer program. Each of the member and associate airlines recognises the elite statuses, with a few exceptions. The statuses have no specific requirements of their own; membership is based solely on the frequent-flyer programs of individual member airlines. Airline and Frequent Flyer Programme| SkyTeam Elite Status| SkyTeam Elite Plus Status| Aeroflot| Aerof lot Bonus[58]| Silver| Gold| Aeromexico| Club Premier[59]| Gold| Platinum| Air EuropaAir France Kenya Airways KLM TAROM| Flying Blue[60]| Silver Gold*| Gold**Platinum| Alitalia| MilleMiglia[61]| Silver Ulisse| Freccia Alata Freccia Alata Plus| China Southern Airlines| Sky Pearl Club[62]| Silver| Gold Platinum| Czech Airlines| OK Plus[63]| Silver| Gold Platinum| Delta Air Lines| SkyMiles[64]| Silver Medallion Gold Medallion| Platinum Medallion Diamond Medallion| Korean Air| SKYPASS[65]| Morning Calm| Premium Million Miler| Vietnam Airlines| Golden Lotus Plus[66]| TitaniumSilver| Platinum| *Gold: US / Mexico residents **Gold: non-US / Mexico residents edit]SkyTeam  Elite SkyTeam Elite status is awarded to customers who have reached the premium level of a member carrier's frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite membership: * Priority reservations waitlisting * Priority airport standby * Priority boarding * Priority check-in * Preferred seating [edit]SkyTeam  Elite Plus Sk yTeam Elite Plus status is awarded to customers who have reached the higher premium level of a member carrier's frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite Plus membership: * Priority reservations waitlisting Priority airport standby * Priority boarding * Priority airport check-in * Preferred seating * Priority baggage handling * Additional checked luggage allowance * Airport lounge access * Guaranteed reservations on sold-out flights * Express airport security (in some hub airports) ————————————————- [edit]SkyTeam special livery SkyTeam launched in 2009 a special livery celebrating its 10-year anniversary. The livery consisted of an all-metallic silver  fuselage  and a dark blue  empennage  with SkyTeam's logo on it.On the fuselage however, the alliance emblem is painted on both sides. As of November 2010, 13 aircraft wear the SkyTeam livery. OK-JFL, an  A TR 42  of  Czech Airlines  in special livery. (2009) Aircraft in SkyTeam livery[67]| Airline| Country| Aircraft| Registration| Completed| Aeroflot|   Russia| Airbus A330-300| VQ-BCQ| October 2009| Aerolineas Argentinas|   Argentina| TBA| Pending| Future| Aeromexico Aeromexico Connect*|   Mexico| Boeing 767-200ER Embraer ERJ-145| XA-JBC XA-CLI| May 2009 November 2010| Air Europa|   Spain| Boeing 737-800| Pending| Future|Air France|   France| Boeing 777-300ER| F-GZNE| June 2009| Alitalia|   Italy| Boeing 767-300ER| EI-DBP| May 2009| China Airlines|   Republic of China| TBA| Pending| Future| China Eastern Airlines|   People's Republic of China| TBA| Pending| Future| China Southern Airlines|   People's Republic of China| Boeing 777-200ER| B-2056| June 2009| Czech Airlines|   Czech Republic| ATR 42-500| OK-JFL| May 2009| Delta Air Lines|   USA| Boeing 767-400ER Boeing 757-200| N844MH N717TW| April 2009 September 2009| Garuda Indonesia|   Indonesia| TBA| Pend ing| Future| Kenya Airways|   Kenya| Boeing 737-800| Pending| Future| KLM|   Netherlands| Boeing 777-300ERBoeing 737-900| PH-BVD PH-BXO| August 2009 June 2010| Korean Air|   South Korea| Boeing 777-200ER| HL7733| October 2009| TAROM|   Romania| Boeing 737-800| Pending| Future| Vietnam Airlines|   Vietnam| Airbus A330-200| VN-A371| June 2010| * Aeromexico's subsidiary now has a SkyTeam livery, making Aeromexico the only member of the alliance with a SkyTeam livery for its affiliate. ————————————————- [edit]Footnotes References 1. ^  Our SkyTeam Carriers 2. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam Marks Major Milestones Toward A Centralized Organization†. SkyTeam. com. 25 July 2009. 3.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Welcome to WTC. † World Trade Center Schiphol. Retrieved on 10 February 2010. 4. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam Facts ;amp; Figures†. SkyTeam. Retrieved 6 October 2010. 5. ^  a  b   c  d  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A History Of SkyTeam†. breakingtravelnews. com. 27/7/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 6. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Delta, Alitalia partnership secure†. Atlanta Business Chronicle. 25/8/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 7. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (20/9/01). â€Å"SkyTeam Welcomes KLM Application for Membership†. Press release. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 8. ^  SkyTeam (11/6/03). â€Å"SkyTeam Launches Enhanced Web Site to Improve the Passenger Experience†. Press release.Retrieved 1 October 2010. 9. ^  SkyTeam (24/5/04). â€Å"SkyTeam Signs MOU With Aeroflot; Agreement preliminary step in new member joining process†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 10. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aeroflot plans to join SkyTeam alliance†. Atlanta Business Chronicles. 24/5/04. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 11. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aeroflot eyes Sky Team membership†. BBC News. 29/1/04. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 12. ^  SkyTeam (28/8/04). â€Å"SkyTeam Signs Agreement With China Southern Airlines; Agreement preliminary step in new member joining process†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 13. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (13/9/04). Continental, KLM And Northwest Join The SkyTeam Alliance; Solidifies Position as a Leading Global Alliance†. Press release. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 14. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"NWA, KLM & Continental join Skyteam Alliance†. mb. com. ph. 20/9/04. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 15. ^  SkyTeam (14/4/06). [http://www. skyteam. com/news/headlines/20060414. html  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aeroflot Joins the SkyTeam Alliance Tenth Member Strengthens Position as a Leading Global Alliance and Extends Route Network Into High Growth Markets†]. Press release. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 16. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aeroflot sheds Soviet image to join ‘SkyTeam'†. Forbes. 14/4/06/.Retrieved 4 October 2010. 17. ^  SkyTeam Focused on Alliance Development as Portugalia Airlines Becomes Associate Airline Candidate; China Southern Mak es Progress Toward Membership Governing Board provides recruitment, network and services updates  fromwww. skyteam. com  2 June 2006 18. ^  SkyTeam (4/9/07). [http://www. skyteam. com/news/headlines/20070903. html  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam Strengthens Global Network with Addition of Three Associate Airlines Air Europa, Copa Airlines and Kenya Airways Officially Join SkyTeam Associate Program†]. Press release. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 19. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Kenya Airways And Two Others Join Sky Team†.AllAfrica. com. 6/9/07. 20. ^  SkyTeam. com (15 November 2007). â€Å"SkyTeam Welcomes China Southern Airlines as First Chinese Carrier†. Press release. 21. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (1/4/09). â€Å"SkyTeam names Managing Director, Introduces Aircraft Livery†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 22. ^  Hensel, Bill (29/1/09). â€Å"Continental to leave SkyTeam alliance in October†. Chron. com. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 23. ^  Continental Airlines To Leave SkyTeam For Star Alliance  (Official Press Release: June 19, 2008) 24. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Continental plans United tie-up; will leave SkyTeam for Star Alliance†. Timesonline. co. uk. 20/6/08.Retrieved 17 November 2010. 25. ^  SkyTeam (9/3/10). â€Å"China Southern Airlines to Join Skyteam Cargo in 2010†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 26. ^  SkyTeam (16/4/10). â€Å"China Eastern to join SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 27. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (10/6/10). â€Å"Vietnam Airlines Joins SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 28. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (22/6/10). â€Å"SKYTEAM CELEBRATES TENTH ANNIVERSARY†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 29. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam triples membership in first decade, upgrades three airlines, signs pilot JV†. Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. 23/6/10. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 0. ^  Cameron, Doug (22/6/10). â€Å"SkyTeam Makes Kenya Airways, Air Europa Full Alliance Members†. Retrieved 23 June 2010. [dead link] 31. ^  SkyTeam. com 32. ^  SkyTeam (8/7/10). â€Å"SkyTeam Offers Lower Fares with Round the World Promotion†. Press release. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 33. ^  Skyteam. â€Å"SKYTEAM NEWSFLASH AUGUST 2010†. Press release. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 34. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam looking for new partners in Latin America, Asia and Africa†. eTurboNews. 23/6/10. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 35. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Delta says SkyTeam could invest more in JAL – WSJ†. Thomson Reuters  (Forbes. com). 20/11/09. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 6. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Japan Airlines Opts To Remain In Oneworld Alliance†. AviationNews. 16/2/10. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 37. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"JAL to stay with American Airlines: Reports†. The Economic Times. 8/2/10. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 38. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (14/9/10). â€Å"China Airlines Joins SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 39. ^  SkyTeam (19/ 10/10). â€Å"SkyTeam to Welcome Aerolineas Argentinas as Future Member†. Press release. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 40. ^  Aaron, Karp (20/10/10). â€Å"Aerolineas Argentinas to become first SkyTeam member in South America†. ATW Air Transport World. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 41.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aerolineas Argentinas joins SkyTeam†. eTravel Blackboard. /21/10/10. Retrieved 21 October 2010. 42. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Shanghai Airlines to join SkyTeam alliance†. TradingMarkets. com. 2/11/10. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 43. ^  Skyteam (1/11/10). â€Å"Shanghai Airlines To Become Part of SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 44. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (23/11/10). â€Å"Garuda Indonesia Joins SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 24 November 2010. 45. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam Milestones†Ã‚  (PDF). SkyTeam. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 46. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our SkyTeam Carriers†. SkyTeam. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 47. ^  Mutzabaugh, Ben (19/10/10). â €Å"SkyTeam to add Aerolineas Argentinas†.USA Today. Retrieved 19 October 2010. 48. ^  China Eastern to join SkyTeam, SkyTeam press release, 16 April 2010 49. ^  Govindasamy, Siva (19/11/10). â€Å"Garuda to ink SkyTeam agreement next week†. Flight Global. 50. ^  Rangga D. Fadillah (19/11/10). â€Å"Garuda Indonesia to join SkyTeam†. Jakarta, Indonesia: The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 51. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"[1]† â€Å"Aer Lingus Back in the Game,† from Aviation Week,† 15 September 2010 52. ^  Le Figaro– Air Algerie to join SkyTeam 53. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"BA-IBERIA ‘EYEING GULF AIR TAKEOVER'†. Gulf-daily-news. com. 7/9/10. Retrieved 30 October 2010. 54. ^  Mathews, Neelam (27/10/10). Jet Airways Mulls Joining SkyTeam†. Avationweek. com. Retrieved 29 October 2010. 55. ^  Dunn, Graham (5/11/10). â€Å"SkyTeam members could top 20 by 2012: chairman†. Flight Global. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 56. ^  Poss ible new members  from  atwonline. com, 3 April 2009 57. ^  Saudia to join global alliance  fromwww. arabnews. com  4 November 2010 58. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"About Aeroflot Bonus†. Aeroflot. 59. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Club Premier†. Aeromexico. 60. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Flying Blue at a glance†. Air France. 61. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Millemiglia†. Alitalia. 62. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"About Sky Pearl Club†. China Southern Airlines. 63. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"OK Plus†. Czech Airlines. 64. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"About SkyMiles†. Delta Air Lines. 5. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SKYPASS†. Korean Air. 66. ^  Vietnam Airlines – Membership Tiers 67. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SKYTEAM Livery fact Sheet†. SkyTeam. Bibliography * â€Å"A History Of SkyTeam†. breakingtravelnews. com. 27/7/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. ————————————————- [edit]External links | Wikimedia Commons has media related to:  SkyTeam | | Wikiquote  has a collection of quotations related to:  Skyteam| | Netherlands portal| | Aviation portal| * Official SkyTeam website * SkyTeam Cargo [show]v  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  d  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  eCommercial air travel| | An  airline alliance  is an agreement between two or more  airlines  to cooperate on a substantial level.The three largest passenger alliances are the  Star Alliance,  SkyTeam  and  Oneworld. Alliances also form between  cargo airlines, such as that ofWOW Alliance,  SkyTeam Cargo  and  ANA/UPS Alliance. Alliances provide a network of connectivity and convenience for international passengers and international packages. Alliances also provide convenient marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline  codeshare  connections within countries. This branding goes as far as to even include unified  aircraft liveries  among member airlines. Contents  [hide] * 1  Rationale * 2  Issues * 3  History * 4  Alliances * 4.   Notes * 5  References| ————————————————- [edit]Rationale Benefits can consist of: * An extended and optimised network: this is often realised through  code sharing  agreements. Many alliances started as only a code sharing network. * Cost reduction from sharing of: * Sales offices * Maintenance facilities * Operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. * Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in and boarding desks. * Investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. * Traveler benefits can include: Lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route. * More departure times to choose from on a given route. * More destinations within easy reach. * Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers. * A wider range of  airport lounges  shared with alliance members * Faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. * Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a relatively low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as: * Higher prices when all competition is erased on a certain route. Less frequent flights: for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5(3+2) times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline. e. g. , flights between Detroit (a Delta Air Lines  fortress hub) and Amsterdam (a KLM fortress hub). ————————————————- [edit]Issues The ability of an airline to join an alliance is often restricted by laws and regulations or subject to approval by authorities. Antitrust  laws play a large role.Land ing rights may not be owned by the airlines themselves but by the nation in which their head office resides. If an airline loses its national identity by merging to a large extent with a foreign company, existing agreements may be declared void by a country which objects to the merger. In 2010 Swiss lost overflight rights after being bought by Lufthansa  [1]. ————————————————- [edit]History The first airline alliance started in the 1930s, when  Pan American-Grace Airways  and parent company  Pan American World Airways  agreed to exchange routes to  Latin America.The first large alliance started in 1989, when Northwest and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines agreed to code sharing on a large scale. A huge step was taken in 1992 when The Netherlands signed the first  open skies  agreement with the United States, in spite of objections from the  European Union  autho rities. This gave both countries unrestricted landing rights on each others' soil. Normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment takes negotiating, often between governments rather than between the companies involved.