Punctuation Errors When Posing a Question

Punctuation Errors When Posing a Question Punctuation Errors When Posing a Question Punctuation Errors When Posing a Question By Mark Nichol When writers pose a question, or call attention to one, they sometimes impose unnecessary punctuation in the framing sentence. Here are a few examples of extraneous punctuation in such sentences. 1. â€Å"To pass a necessity test usually means a negative response to the question: ‘Can the same result be obtained by other means?’† A colon is correctly used only when it follows a complete thought; it serves as a traffic sign noting that what follows is a definition, expansion, or explanation. The question in question is none of these it’s just a question, and to precede it with a colon (or a comma) implies that it’s the only existing question. Delete colons in such constructions: â€Å"To pass a necessity test usually means a negative response to the question ‘Can the same result be obtained by other means?’† (And because the quotation is not attributed no one is credited with a â€Å"Smith said† type of attribution the comma that normally follows such a phrase is not necessary before the quotation here.) 2. â€Å"There remains the question: where, if at all, should we draw the line?† This sentence suffers from the same problem as the previous one. The question is not styled to suggest that it was actually uttered or can be uttered, although that is possible; it’s an unspoken expression of a problem to solve and can therefore be incorporated directly into the framing sentence: â€Å"There remains the question of where, if at all, we should draw the line.† 3. â€Å"The question was how to translate and standardize these successful processes across a company that had several new divisions, a diverse global spread, and disparate technical platforms?† This sentence is correctly rendered in terms of the incorporation recommended for the previous example, but one problem remains no question is literally posed in the sentence, the syntax of which is declarative so interrogative punctuation is not appropriate: â€Å"The challenge was to translate and standardize these successful processes across a company that had several new divisions, a diverse global spread, and disparate technical platforms.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesAwoken or Awakened?15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Geology & Tectonics of the Himalayan Mountains Essay

Geology & Tectonics of the Himalayan Mountains - Essay Example The Himalayas are mountain range in asia separating the indian sub continent and tibetan plateau. The meaning of the word Himalaya in sanskrit is "abode of the snow." The geology of the Himalayan mountain is the most dramatic and creation of modern plate tectonic forces. The Himalayas are a result of orogeny which is a result of a collison between two continental tectonic plates. They are formed due to the denudation processes of weathering and erosion. The Himalayas supplies water for more than one-fifth of the world population and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget. Himalayas stretch 2,900 km along the border between India and Tibet. With the collision of two large landmasses, India and Eurasia, driven by the plate movement, collided; this mountain began to form between 40 and 50 million years ago. As both the landmasses have the same rock density, one plate could not be subducted under the other. Thus the pressure of these plates started forming the Himalayan peaks. The Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau to the north have risen very rapidly. In just 50 million years, Mt. Everest has risen to height of more than 9 km. The Himalayas continue to rise more than 1 cm a year -- a growth rate of 10 km in a million years. If that is the case, the Himalayas should be even higher. This made scientists to believe that Eurasian Plate may now be stretching out rather than thrusting up, and such stretching would result in some subsidence due to gravity. Tectonics of Himalayas: The most important property of the Himalayan orogen is its growth laterally. The Himalayan region is divided into four tectonic units for the convenience and better understanding. 1) The sub Himalaya forms the foothills of the Himalayan range and is composed of Miocene and Pleistocene molassic sediments derived from the erosion of Himalaya. The subhimalyan region consist of the quarternery alluvium depsited by the rivers coming from the Himalayas. This explains that the Himalaya is still a young and active orogen. 2) The Upper Proterozoic to Lower Cenozoic Detrital Sediments from the passive Indian margin forms the Lesser Himalaya. These sediments are formed byintercalated with some granites and acid volcanics (1840 70 Ma, Frank et al., 1977). These low-grade sediments are thrust over the SubHimalaya along the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). The Lesser Himalaya often appears in tectonic windows (Kishtwar or Larji-Kulu-Rampur windows) within the High Himalaya Crystalline Sequence. 3) The Central Himalayan Domain, CHD (or High Himalaya) forms the backbone of the Himalayan orogen and encompasses the areas with the highest topographical relief. It is commonly separated into four zones. a. The High Himalayan Crystalline Sequence, HHCS is a 30 km thick, medium- to high-grade metamorphic sequence of metasedimentary rocks which are frequently intruded by granites of Ordovician ( 500 Ma) and Lower Miocene ( 22 Ma) age. b. The Tethys Himalaya, TH is an approximately 100 km large synclinorium formed by strongly folded and imbricated, weakly metamorphosed sedimentary series. c. The Nyimaling-Tso Morari Metamorphic Dome, NTMD: In the Ladakh region, the Tethys Himalaya synclinorium passes gradually to the north in a large dome of greenshist to eclogitic metamorphic rocks. As with the HHCS, these metamorphic rocks represent the metamorphic equivalent of the sediments forming the base of the Tethys Himalay

Informative analysis of school uniforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informative analysis of school uniforms - Essay Example The president said in his 1996 state of the union address that schools should adapt to compulsory school uniforms if it means that teenagers can stop killing one another over designer clothing (Julia, 2012, p. 2). Since that time, school uniforms have been used as the long awaited policy for solving school violence crisis. In October of 1998, uniforms were supported by the United States conference of mayors, and the USA today of 15th October 1998 reported a significant decline in crime and an increased performance for students in schools that have implemented the policy. It specifically cites 91 percent drop in theft, vandalism, assaults and drug violation since 1991 in Long Beach (Julia, 2012, p. 4). Although the article neglects other steps that can improve students’ behavior, like increasing the teachers patrolling school hallways at class changes, taken in Long Beach around that same time and the nationwide concentration given to school uniforms, parents became more aware of their vital need to take part in their children’s lives. Students also identified the higher anticipations attached on them. The policy being in effect since 1994 suggests crime was already declining. The two opposing claims can be whether uniform policy alone is sufficient to end school violence and lead to improved performance, as suggested, or if uniform support is just an economical solution designed to disguise the actual weight of the problem (Julia, 2012, p. 3). For school uniforms There are arguments in support of the school uniform policy, firstly they assist school administration identify strangers who can visit the school. The uniforms adopted country wide can be similar. The school administration should, therefore, be able to identify strangers wandering around the school. Every other time, students are supposed to be in their classroom. An intruder might stick out since he/she might be wandering around at a time when students can be expected to be in classroom s studying. The intruder can easily be identified by the mode of dressing which is different from that of the students (Julia, 2012, p. 10). Uniform policy can also assist students in concentration with their school work. The idea here is that if students lack thinking about what to wear to school on a daily basis, they will put more effort on learning. The USA today dated October 15th 1998 reports that most teachers felt uniforms contributed to increased academic improvement because students cannot be distracted by their classmates clothing (Julia, 2012). This is an essential skill that students are supposed to learn since no employer can accept shady work due to distraction by clothing. Another reason is uniforms prevent gang members from insignia and gang colors. Some adornments will still be seen as gang- affiliated even if all students wear uniform. It is simpler to have a general rule on gangs in schools e.g. by forbidding accessories that cannot be essential, like pagers and bandannas, but abolishing the â€Å"gang† look may be rather difficult (Kevin Ryan, 2012, p. 160). Uniforms on the other hand, can help in decreasing violence over expensive clothing. When in England, the author purchased uniform from any store. However, some students purchased sweaters with designer logos. The distinction based on those logos was widely acknowledged and formed the basis of cliques in school.

Hofstede's cultural dimension australia vs vietnam (management Essay

Hofstede's cultural dimension australia vs vietnam (management subject) - Essay Example Hofstede says that culture â€Å"is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the member of one group or category of people from another†(Tjosvoid and Leung, 2003, p 31) Hofstede has captured cultural values in terms of cultural dimensions which are broad attitudes of the people in a society concerned with identification of evil, good, dirty and clean, moral and immoral, irrational and rational.(Tjosvoid and Leung, 2003, p 31) The work of Hofstede stemming out of a lengthy survey of employees of the well known IBM multinational spread over some 70 countries and his later work have categorised the cultural dimensions in five values of Power Distance (PD) , Uncertainty Avoidance (UA), Individualism and Collectivism (IDV), Masculinity and Feminity (MAS) and Long Term v Short Term Orientation (LTO). (Hofstede, 2001) The five values need to be explained before examining the case of Boost juice organisation of Australia entering Vietnam.Power Distance: Classified as high and low power distance, it signifies the extent to which a person can exercise power against the others. It applies to power equation with the Government, employer and with the family members. If the distance is high, power is considered as concentrated in a powerful minority and if low, it is decentralised meaning that people in the society enjoy freedom. According to Hofstede, some cultures are characterized by high power distance and some others by low power distance. In high power distance, individuals accept power as part of society by which superiors consider their subordinates different from themselves and vice versa. Countries such as India, Africa, Brazil, Singapore, Greece, Venezuela, Mexico and the Philippines have high power equation and people there think power and authority are facts of life. Similarly, countries su ch as Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway, the United States, New Zealand

The Day My Father Began to Understand the Colors of My World :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

The world is full of color. It has to be. Where else would we find depth and meaning and purpose? Color comes together to make shape. The vibrancy of blues, reds and yellows all wash over us as we experience life. Everything ruptures with color, even music with its bright highs and dark lows or language spoken with meaning and clarity. Existence is an art and the freedom to express your art a privilege we all hold dear. I discovered the power of expression when I was young. Crayons and scissors filled my mind. I could manipulate a world of my own on paper, shaping its people. I was king. I knew my subjects. They were spread in 2-demensions before me as they struggled to all escape my mind at once. Although my scribbles never quite matched the emotion I felt deep inside me, they were enough. The forms and figures were mine. I created them. I began to know myself as I continued to grow and develop, but I could never reach the ultimate plateau I felt so strongly that I needed. I needed a boost to reach some sort of self-assurance in my ability and my love. I tried to achieve acceptance once. Although I was young, I remember it well. I had spent all day in school creating another expansive world. As my teacher rattled off times tables and division, I furiously created an eight-year-old masterpiece through a storm of colored pencils and erasers. As I perfected each tree in my landscape, I began to feel powerful. I knew what it was to create and to be good; all I needed was for someone to show confidence in my work. My mother picked me up, but I didn't take this opportunity to show her. My picture was special. It deserved the ultimate unveiling. I was going to show it to my father. Dad came home unhappy, as usual, and ready for dinner. I knew better than to involve him yet. As I ate my unnoticed meal, I could barely hold my excitement. After dinner, I ran to my room and unfolded my work along its careful creases. I walked slowly to his chair, carefully and excitedly balancing my masterpiece in my hands. "Look, Dad, look at what I did. I did it today in school all by myself." He turned slowly in his chair, upset because his connection with CNN had been broken.

Building a global network

The paper shall examine some of the challenges that PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) are confronting after a merger between Pricewaterhouse and Coopers and Lybrand. The company is one of the most influential within its respective business arena. Such a position presents a fresh set of challenges in terms of creating an efficient and fully functioning network. These issues shall be examined below. Importance of having a knowledge base or intranet resources The latter company had benefited from the economies of scale that emanated from creation of such a large and influential global company.Consequently, there was a need to ensure that one of the most important qualities in business was attained and this was speed. The latter trait would only be efficiently carried out if the companies under consideration had fast technologies to help them achieve this. One of the latter modes of technology is the use of intranet and possession of a knowledge base. (PWC, 2000) The intranet would go a long way in facilitating communication between a series of stakeholders within this firm. Some of them included its employees, the company’s suppliers, its clients and many more.Since these stakeholders were distributed globally, then there was a need to make sure that this information was shared efficiently and the best way to do this was through the utilization of a sound knowledge management system or the intranet. A good knowledge base was also essential in adding value to the various clients by providing them with easy access to their resources. Intranet would also assist in boosting the process of deployment that provided products and services within the firm. In addition, the knowledge base was also essential in ensuring sound management of those resources.Lastly, the use of the intranet was important in ensuring that the merger was effectively carried out. This was because the latter form of technology would ensure that information was fist captured, then updated and distr ibuted effectively within this organization. In other words, knowledge within the two firms would be made available to the entire organization and this would make the process a whole lot more effective. Advantages and disadvantages of the Knowledge curve implemented at PWC There are a number of strong points that the Knowledge Curve (the intranet) that was implemented by PwC.First of all, it provided a platform against which all the knowledge within the firm was incorporated. This meant that the Knowledge Curve was instrumental in providing a tool for providing the company with a source of competitive advantage. (Thomas, 2000) The Knowledge Curve was also advantageous because of its profiling capabilities. Through this methodology, it was possible to understand the needs of the company on the basis of geography, line of business and industry. This intranet system was important to the company because it would assist the company to achieve knowledge management both at global level and also at office level.However, there was a problem with the Knowledge Curve owing to the fact that certain priorities at office level would not be implemented on a global level. This was because only the aspects that were common between various firms would be included in this global level system of profiling. (Law, 1998) It should be noted that this limitation was dealt with by providing Knowledge Curve homepages for each office. This would go a long way in ensuring that personalized information was restricted for these areas. Another major disadvantage was that it was difficult to customize this respective system.This eventually led to the creation of another website whose purpose was to ensure that local needs within each enterprise level were addressed. The latter website was known as the bridge. By adding such extra features, then it can be said that Knowledge Curve was a bit ineffective at achieving most of it objectives. (Lambert and Langley, 2000) How PWC would encourage user s to contribute knowledge towards the intranet First of all, PWC could ensure that they break down all the bureaucratic systems within the company.This means that the former mentality where it had been held that the support teams are implementers while the more experienced members were the decision makers should be changed. By doing this, people who are more in touch with what is going on at the ground will be encouraged to participate more within the intranet system within the company. The company needs to ensure that there is a flatter structure implemented on the ground. This will go a long way in encouraging participants to contribute towards the internet because they will feel more valued by the organization.While the company has gone a long way in eliminating some of the office politics within the organization, there are still relatively high numbers of issues that need to be implemented by this company in order to boost participation. Since there is still a management board t hat does project approvals and constitutes the management board, then people within the organization may still be feeling a little inhibited about contributing towards that intranet. Fewer powers need to be given to this board so as to boost an open environment.How PWC could facilitate awareness about the intranet and encourage users to utilize the knowledge base PWC was faced with an enormous task of informing all its one hundred and fifty thousand employees who are distributed across one hundred and fifty two countries for this receptive company. Consequently, there was a need to look for methods that could apply in such a wide geographical arena. Presentations are always a good way of informing people about something new. Consequently, the latter company could utilize this method to inform people.It could carry this out by visiting various offices hence talking to people face to face and making them understand some of these issues properly. (Law, 1998) Besides using presentations , there is a need to interact personally with these potential users through the utilization of direct instructions. The company could go a long way in promoting awareness by distributing literature in the system. Since PWC is implementing the system on a global scale, then there is a need for the company to ensure that all the respective groups understand the intricacies involved through a method that leaves room for the communication of vast amounts of data.Other ways in which this company can create awareness include; †¢ Flyers †¢ Posters †¢ Wallet cards †¢ Give a ways †¢ Many more The company can also go a long way in ensuring that various professionals understand how to use this system. This can be done by implementing sessions tailored for such groups. Examples are all the accountants within the firm. By addressing a particular profession, then the company will have shown them just how specific the intranet will be to their respective needs. Promoting a wareness should not just be restricted to understanding the system itself.Awareness needs to be done through a two way exchange. In other words, the system needs to be made in such a manner that the underlying problems faced by the users need to be understood by the incoming team. One such example is the Knowledge Point help desk in which individuals can address their problems through such a system. Besides this, there is also a need to look into some of the challenges that the group is likely to encounter through a survey. Here, respondents can be asked about how they found the intranet and what the company can do to improve it.Tracking this intranet on an annual basis can also go a long way in ensuring its success. (Anonymous, 1998) Issues that PWC could encounter for intranet users outside PWC Most of the problems to be faced by intranet users outside of this organization will emanate from the fact that there are still a number of corrections that are yet to be done in the proces s. An example of this issue is in terms of its Notes usage; the company is yet to implement a regional basis of this system. Consequently, the following Notes names will have to be carried out †¢ Country †¢ City †¢ Line of serviceSince ensuring the implementation of such system would take up a lot of time, then it can be said that the security of the user will be at stake. Another way in which security issues could present a hurdle to the respective clients under consideration is through the implementation of a private link to the client’s system. This can be problematic owing to the fact that implementing it is too complex thus leaving security needs unmet. An example of how such a problem was revealed was when the PWC tried implementing a private system for Hong Kong which was the centre point of all Asian Pacific clients.This was implemented through Australian, New Zealand and Hong Kong gateways. Utilization of such measures could be very problematic owing t o the fact that so many security bridges can arise out of such a complex system. Evaluation of Lotus and the Knowledge Curve Benefits of using such systems Also, the intranet was very important to this company because of the fact that it was quite simple to implement. In other words, it was relatively easy to package, capture and also deliver knowledge to the respective users.Whether PWC could manage diverse and huge information with its technical infrastructure PWC can definitely manage such a diverse information system owing to the fact that it implemented a rationalization program. This was done in order to eliminate duplication of work that arose out of the availability of two sources of data. Besides this, the company was in need of synchronizing all the numerous databases that were located within different geographical areas. In order to solve such a problem, the company chose to delegate duties to lines of service.Doing this was an effective and adequate way of making sure th at all the problems being faced were dealt with meticulously. Besides that, the IT team would have been overburdened by the problem. Each line of service member was supposed to carry out identification of the data owner. PWC was able to carry this out effectively also data owners were assigned the task of regularly updating information so as to ensure that the data base was valuable. Carrying out these painstaking tasks to completion was an indication that the company can manage vast amounts of data. (Lotus, 2000)Additionally, this company is capable of covering most of its challenges to be faced in managing huge databases by choosing to maintain open rather than closed systems. Closed systems may work for relatively small companies. However, companies of a global nature such as PWC are in need of making sure that people can update and access information as smoothly as possible and an open database would definitely be the way to go. Lastly, PWC was able to eliminate the duplication problem that it was facing at the beginning of their merger. This was also another painstakingly slow process since it was manually done.Since the company was able to do this effectively, then one can assume that the company can be able to carry out the process of managing even larger amounts of data in the future. Ways in which the Knowledge Curve structure could be improved The Knowledge Curve could be improved in the future trough working on local Knowledge Curves. Already, the Development team has been assigned with this task. They need to ensure that all data is analyzed at local levels in order to streamline some of the tax management, document management and executive recruitment tasks (Farhoomand, 2000)In order for the knowledge curve to work, there should be improvement of the company’s networking system. Servers for data sharing need to be worked on. Also, there are a number of related task that need to be managed and target include; monitoring, internet services, n etwork management and security systems. The Knowledge Curve also requires continuous improvement of the Lotus Notes Infrastructure, this can best be achieved through the process of recertifying all identification within this systems. Besides this, the process of addressing through the use of initials needs to be implemented.The Knowledge Curve needs to be in line with recent technologies. This needs to be done in such a manner that items such as voice recognition technologies need to reflect such perceptions. In line with this is the issue of upgrading the power system within the company. Lastly, the Knowledge curve can also be improved through a sound feedback teams. First of all, they need to ensure that calls are answered promptly. Also, they need to improve their level of integration between the use and the integration of internal networks.How PWC should disseminate the service to its clients The company is interested in ensuring that most if not all the services offered to thei r respective clients are done in an effective manner. In order to do this, then clients should not be treated as if operational challenges are part of their problems. The company needs to ensure that the transition is as smooth as possible. (Leong, 1999) First of all, the company should send notifications to their clients about any recent upgrades within their system. This can be done through email.Thereafter, the company should give details about those changes and leave room for inquiries from clients in case they do not understand the instructions. Shortly after, the company needs to carry implementation in one stage. This can be done in short intervals so as to ensure that the entire process is covered within a relatively short time. Customers can get weary of this by implementation if they constantly have to grapple with new changes. It would be best to get it over and done with at one go. Whether PWC should offer the service for free or for a feeSince PWC prides itself in the v alue addition within its services, then the company should offer the service as a bonus to their clients. The rewards of implementing such a system will be depicted in the returns obtained by the system. PwC will be more effective in responding to client needs and they will also have a large capacity for managing information received from their respective clients. Consequently, the system will improve their profitability through more satisfied consumers and a wider client base. There will be no point in charging them for this because if PwC was to do this, they would be trying to get double benefits.Conclusion Building a global network is a huge challenge for PwC but this company has more than enough capabilities to deal with this issue. First of all, their networking team has been able to manage effectively and they will continue to do so. Secondly project, development and customer care groups have also done their part. The company needs to keep up this effort in order to ensure th at their Knowledge Curve has succeeded. References PWC (2000): Homepage, retrieved from http://www. pwcglobal. com/ accessed on 24th Jan 2008Anonymous (1998): Moore Schiro: We changed the competitive landscape; Accounting Today, 28th September Thomas, S. (2000): Focus – Keeping pace with knowledge; Information Week Review, 155 Leong, K. (1999): Marketing Gets Innovative, Internet week, 3rd May, Lambert and Langley (2000): PwC Interview, Hong Kong, 1st February Lotus (2000): Definition of Notes, retrieved form http://www. whatiscom/notes. htm 30 May Farhoomand, A. (2000): Price water house Cooper: Building a global network; Asia case research centre Law, G. (1998): And then there were four; Management journal, 45, 1

Seven Deadly Sins Canterbury Tales Analysis - 802 Words

It would seem that everyone is guilty of at least one of the seven deadly sins in some shape or form. The Pilgrims of The Canterbury Tales are not strangers to sin, and questionable motives that may or may not clash with their professions or individual stereotypes. The Canterbury Tales follows a group of pilgrims set out on a long journey to the Canterbury Cathedral in London. The characters, whom are supposed to follow certain rules and morals in the poem, can exhibit traits of the seven deadly sins, â€Å"transgressions which are fatal to spiritual progress.† (Shannon). The first notable sin is Anger, being defined as becoming angry at someone or something to the point that one can lose control over their actions and words. The pilgrim who†¦show more content†¦The Wife of Bath is the most obvious pilgrim for this particular sin because of the fact that she has had multiple husbands, and perhaps even more men in her youth. â€Å"She had five husbands, all at the chu rch door, apart from other company in youth;† (Chaucer 109). The fifth sin is Envy, defined as wanting to be someone else because of the qualities and/or possessions a person has. Instead of honoring the life one has, they dishonor what they were given by being dissatisfied with it. The Nun can be found envious by her behavior. She wears makeup, although she shouldn’t be concerned about her physical appearance because she chose a life to help others. She does this in efforts to get attention from men, when nuns pledge themselves only to God. â€Å"Her nose was elegant, her eyes glass-gray; Her mouth was very small, but soft, and red. Her forehead, certainly, was fair of spread, almost a span across the brows, I own† (Chaucer 101). The sixth sin is Gluttony, described as not being satisfied with what one has, and wanting more. The Summoner is a great example of the sin Gluttony because he eats and drinks until he cannot take anymore. He even carries garlic and onions on his person at all times because he enjoys them so much. â€Å"Garlic he loved, and onions too, and leeks, and drinking. Strong wine till all was hazy† (Chaucer 113). The final sin is Pride, which is whereShow MoreRelated Summary and Analysis of The Parsons Tale Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Parsons Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Parsons Tale: When the Manciples Tale was done, it was then four oclock. The Host claimed that only one tale remained. The Parson, however, refused to tell a foolish story, for Paul advised against telling false stories. He says that he will tell a virtuous tale in prose. The Parsons Tale: There have been many spiritual ways that have led people to Jesus Christ and to the reign of glory. The most prominentRead More Canterbury Tales Morality Paper1070 Words   |  5 PagesEternal Bliss or Life Amiss?: Analysis of Theme in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales The Christian Church has been a driving force in politics and morals for hundreds of years. In the medieval time period in Europe, the Church was particularly strong, a majority of the European peoples and rulers were followers. The set of moral codes and virtues the Church sets forth dictates how each person should live. Provided that one follows these morals, the Church guarantees every follower a placeRead MoreMy Own Creative Process And Transformative Experiences During The Stages Of Work Essay2156 Words   |  9 Pages This paper intends to describe the application of my own creative process and transformative experiences during the stages of work from creation to completion of an original body of sculptural artwork. Secondarily, providing analysis and interpretation of the relationship to the theories of creativity that have been studied throughout this course. I will be using the concept of self-awareness found in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Runco, 2014) and the concept of self-observation as a form of measurement